06.27.2022

How to use STRING ESCAPE in Sql Server

Intro SQL Server provides the STRING_ESCAPE function to escape special characters in a string.. In this article, we will learn how to use STRING_ESCAPE in SQL Server. The Syntax The basic syntax of a…
06.24.2022

How to use STRING AGG in Sql Server

Intro SQL Server provides the STRING_AGG function to concatenate rows of strings when aggregating or grouping rows. In this article, we will learn how to use STRING_AGG in SQL Server. The Syntax The…
06.23.2022

How to use STR in Sql Server

Intro SQL Server provides the STR function to convert numerics to character values. In this article, we will learn how to use the STR function in SQL Server. The Syntax The basic syntax of a STR is as…
06.22.2022

Working with SPACE in MySQL

Intro MySQL provides the SPACE function to generate a series of spaces. In this article, we will learn how to use SPACE in MySQL. The Syntax The basic syntax of a SPACE is as follows: n is the number…
06.21.2022

How to use SPACE in Sql Server

Intro SQL Server provides the SPACE function to generate a series of spaces. In this article, we will learn how to use SPACE in SQL Server. The Syntax The basic syntax of a SPACE is as follows: n is…
06.20.2022

Working with SOUNDEX in MySQL

Intro MySQL provides the SOUNDEX function to convert a string into a four-character code based on how the string sounds when spoken. In this article, we will learn how to use SOUNDEX in MySQL. The…
06.17.2022

How to use SOUNDEX in Sql Server

Intro SQL Server provides the SOUNDEX function to convert a string into a four-character code based on how the string sounds when spoken. In this article, we will learn how to use SOUNDEX in SQL…
06.16.2022

Working with REVERSE in MySQL

Intro MySQL provides the REVERSE function to invert the order of the characters in a string. In this article, we will learn how to use REVERSE in MySQL. The Syntax The basic syntax of a REVERSE is as…
06.15.2022

Working with REVERSE in Postgres

Intro PostgreSQL provides the REVERSE function to invert the order of the characters in a string. In this article, we will learn how to use REVERSE in PostgreSQL. The Syntax The basic syntax of a…
06.14.2022

How to use REVERSE in Sql Server

Intro SQL Server provides the REVERSE function to invert the order of the characters in a string. In this article, we will learn how to use REVERSE in SQL Server. The Syntax The basic syntax of a…
06.13.2022

Basic Replication in Redis

Intro In this article, we will get a brief look on how to replicate in Redis. In production, you will often want to use a cluster or a manage instance. However, learning how to replicate manually will…
06.10.2022

Working with REPEAT in MySQL

Intro MySQL provides the REPEAT function to create a sequence of a string in repetition. For example, we can tell MySQL to repeat the character 0 3 times to get . In this article, we will learn how to…
06.09.2022

Working with REPEAT in Postgres

Intro PostgreSQL provides the REPEAT function to create a sequence of a string in repetition. For example, we can tell PostgreSQL to repeat the character 0 3 times to get . In this article, we will…
06.08.2022

How to use REPLICATE in Sql Server

Intro SQL Server provides the REPLICATE function to create a sequence of a string in repetition. For example, we can tell SQL Server to repeat the character 0 3 times to get . In this article, we will…
06.07.2022

Working with RIGHT in Postgres

Intro PostgreSQL provides the RIGHT function to select a number of characters starting from the right of the string. In this article, we will learn how to use right with PostgreSQL. The Syntax The…
06.06.2022

How to use RIGHT in Sql Server

Intro SQL Server provides the RIGHT function to select a number of characters starting from the right of the string. In this article, we will learn how to use right with SQL Server. The Syntax The…
06.03.2022

Working with RTRIM in Postgres

Intro PostgreSQL provides the RTRIM function to remove extra white space to the right of the string. In this article, we will learn how to use RTRIM with PostgreSQL. The Syntax The basic syntax of a…
06.02.2022

How to use RTRIM in Sql Server

Intro SQL provides the RTRIM function to remove extra white space to the right of the string. In this article, we will learn how to use RTRIM with SQL Server. The Syntax The basic syntax of a RTRIM is…
06.01.2022

How to use REPLACE in Sql Server

Intro PostgreSQL provides the REPLACE string function which allows you to replace substrings in a string column. There is a REPLACE statement which works differently, so it is worth noting this is the…
05.31.2022

Working with REPLACE in Postgres

Intro PostgreSQL provides the REPLACE string function which allows you to replace substrings in a string column. There is a REPLACE statement which works differently, so it is worth noting this is the…
05.30.2022

How to use QUOTENAME in Sql Server

Intro SQL Server provides the QUOTENAME function will add delimiters to a string. This is helpful when building dynamic sql queries in sql server. In this article, we will learn how to use QUOTENAME…
05.27.2022

Working with RTRIM in MySQL

Intro MySQL provides the RTRIM function to remove extra white space to the right of the string. In this article, we will learn how to use RTRIM with MySQL. The Syntax The basic syntax of a RTRIM is as…
05.26.2022

Working with Right in MySQL

Intro MySQL provides the RIGHT function to select a number of characters starting from the right of the string. In this article, we will learn how to use right with MySQL. The Syntax The basic syntax…
05.25.2022

Working with Replace (String Function) in MySQL

Intro MySQL provides the REPLACE string function which allows you to replace substrings in a string column. There is a REPLACE statement which works differently, so it is worth noting this is the…
05.24.2022

How to use PATINDEX in Sql Server

Intro SQL Server provides the PATINDEX function to return the first occurrence of a patter in a string. In this article, we will learn how to use PATINDEX in SQL Server. The Syntax The basic syntax of…
05.23.2022

Getting Started with JUnit in Java

Intro Java has a nice ecosystem to get you started with testing. Libraries such as JUnit, Mokito, and Sprint test handle most of your day to day testing needs. In this article, we will learn how to…
05.20.2022

How to use NCHAR in Sql Server

Intro SQL Server provides the NCHAR function to return a unicode character from the number code. In this article, we will learn how to use NCHAR in SQL Server. The Syntax The basic syntax of a NCHAR…
05.19.2022

Working with LTRIM in MySQL

Intro MySQL provides the LTRIM function to remove leading white space. In this article, we will learn how to use LTRIM in MySQL. The Syntax The basic syntax of a LTRIM is as follows: string: The…
05.18.2022

Working with LTRIM in Postgres

Intro PostgreSQL provides the LTRIM function to remove leading white space. In this article, we will learn how to use LTRIM in PostgreSQL. The Syntax The basic syntax of a LTRIM is as follows: string…
05.17.2022

How to use LTRIM in Sql Server

Intro SQL Server provides the LTRIM function to remove leading white space. In this article, we will learn how to use LTRIM in SQL Server. The Syntax The basic syntax of a LTRIM is as follows: string…
05.16.2022

Day to Day React: Api Integration

Intro Recently while teaching, I started to compile a list of "day to day" activities that a React developer would do. One common activity is integrating a component with an api. This consists of…
05.13.2022

Working with LOWER in MySQL

Intro MySQL provides the lower function to transform a string into all lower case letters. In this article, we will learn how to use LOWER in MySQL. The Syntax The basic syntax of a LOWER is as…
05.12.2022

Working with LOWER in Postgres

Intro PostgreSQL provides the lower function to transform a string into all lower case letters. In this article, we will learn how to use LOWER in PostgreSQL. The Syntax The basic syntax of a LOWER is…
05.11.2022

How to use LOWER in Sql Server

Intro SQL Server provides the lower function to transform a string into all lower case letters. In this article, we will learn how to use LOWER in SQL Server. The Syntax The basic syntax of a LOWER is…
05.10.2022

How to use LEN in Sql Server

Intro The LEN function is a string helper function in SQL Server that returns the number of characters in a string. The length function takes characters, varchar, or text and will return the count for…
05.09.2022

How to use LEFT in Sql Server

Intro The left function provides a way to retrieve the first n (number you specify) characters from a string. One often use of this function is to extract dates from a string, although SQL Server does…
05.06.2022

How to create Auto Increment in Sql Server

Intro Recently I was migrating a postgresql database to sql server. One issue I ran into was migrating the Id columns and keeping the same values as before. SQL server does not let you change a column…
05.06.2022

How to use CONCAT_WS in Sql Server

Intro The SQL Server CONCAT_WS will allow you to join multiple strings using a separator. This is similar to CONCAT, however you can use a separator. In this article, we will learn how to use the…
05.05.2022

How to use CONCAT in Sql Server

Intro The SQL Server CONCAT function allows you to combine two or more strings into one single string. You can use this on strings or columns in a table. In this article, we will learn how to use the…
05.04.2022

How to use DIFFERENCE in Sql Server

Intro The SQL Server DIFFERENCE function returns the a score from 0-4 based on how different two words sound. The DIFFERENCE function uses the SOUNDEX function to compare values of the input strings…
05.03.2022

How to use CHARINDEX in Sql Server

Intro The SQL Server CHARINDEX function will search for a substring inside a string and return it's position. In this article, we will learn how to use CHARINDEX in SQL Server. The Syntax The basic…
05.02.2022

How to use ASCII in Sql Server

Intro The SQL Server ASCII function takes in a character and returns the ASCII value. If you pass in a unicode character or rune, the function will return the unicode value. The Syntax The basic…
04.29.2022

How to use Select Top in Sql Server

Intro SQL Server provides an additional statement to limit rows, SELECT TOP. This statement allows you to specify the number of rows or percentage of rows to return from an ordered sql query. In this…
04.28.2022

How to use Offset and Fetch in Sql Server

Intro SQL Server provides the Offset and Fetch keywords to paginate table results. If you are familiar with other SQL, this is similar to limit and offset. Using Offset and Fetch in combination with…
04.27.2022

How to use Output in Sql Server

Intro SQL Server provides the Output keyword to return values after inserting. A common task is to insert data and return it immediately so we don't have to make multiple sql requests. In this article…
04.26.2022

Working with Format in MySQL

Intro MySQL provides the FORMAT function to convert numbers into a comma separated format and to round to a particular decimal format. For example, we can format 4500.56 to 4,500.6. n this article, we…
04.25.2022

Working with Concat in MySQL

Intro MySQL provides a few ways to concatenate strings. We can use the CONCAT and CONCAT_WS function. In this article, we will learn how to concatenate strings in MySQL. The Syntax The basic syntax of…
04.22.2022

Working with Constraints in Postgres

Intro Constraints are rules you can place on tables to prevent invalid data from being inserted. By using constraints we can prevent columns from being empty, we can ensure values or unique, and much…
04.21.2022

Working with Constraints in MySQL

Intro Constraints are rules you can place on tables to prevent invalid data from being inserted. By using constraints we can prevent columns from being empty, we can ensure values or unique, and much…
04.20.2022

Working with CHAR in MySQL

Intro MySQL provides the function to allow us to convert numbers into characters. The function is simple, but helpful in string processing. In this article, we will learn how to use CHAR in MySQL…
04.19.2022

Working with ASCII in MySQL

Intro The MySQL ASCII function takes in a character and returns the ASCII value. If you pass in a unicode character or rune, the function will return the unicode value. The Syntax The basic syntax of…
04.18.2022

Working with Length in Postgres

Intro The length function is a string helper function in Postgresql that returns the number of characters or the number of bytes in a string. The length function takes characters, varchar, or text and…
04.15.2022

Working with Left in Postgres

Intro The left function provides a way to retrieve the first n (number you specify) characters from a string. One often use of this function is to extract dates from a string, although postgresql does…
04.14.2022

Working with Initcap in Postgres

Intro The initcap function provides a way to transform text in to proper or title case. The initcap is part of a number of helpful string formatting functions in Postgresql. In this article, we will…
04.13.2022

Working with Format in Postgres

Intro The format function in postgresql allows you to specify a format string when selecting in a query. This function should be familiar to devs who have used the format function in C or related…
04.12.2022

Working with Concat in Postgres

Intro Postgresql provides a few ways to concatenate strings. We can use the concat operator, . We also have the CONCAT and CONCAT_WS function. In this article, we will learn how to concatenate strings…
04.11.2022

Working with Chr in Postgres

Intro Postgresql provides the function to allow us to convert numbers into characters. The function is simple, but helpful in string processing. In this article, we will learn how to use CHR in…
04.08.2022

Working with Upsert in Postgres

Intro Postgresql doesn't provide an Upsert keyword, however, we can do upserts using the ON CONFLICT keyword. We add this keyword when inserting to specify how to handle upsert operations. In this…
04.07.2022

Working with Aggregate Functions in Postgres

Intro Postgresql aggregate functions allow us to summarize groups of rows. For example, we can count the number of sales, get the average revenue, and more. In this article we will learn how to use…
04.06.2022

Working with Upper in Postgres

Intro The Postgresql Upper function will transform a string into an upper cased version. You can also pass a column name and each value for that column will be upper cased in the result table. In this…
04.05.2022

Working with Ascii in Postgres

Intro The Postgresql ASCII function takes in a character and returns the ASCII value. If you pass in a unicode character or rune, the function will return the unicode value. The Syntax The basic…
04.04.2022

Working with Split Part in Postgres

Intro Postgresql split_part function allows us to split a string in to a number of substrings. This function help when formatting columns for a specific query. In this article, we will learn how to…
04.01.2022

Working with Schemas in Postgres

Intro Postgresql provides Schemas to organize databases. This allows you to create separation amongst your app and limit access to parts of your instance. In this article, we will learn how to use…
03.31.2022

Working with Identity Columns in Postgres

Intro Postgresql provides the GENERATED AS IDENTITY constraint to allow users a way to create unique keys on data. This is similar to the SERIAL data type, but has a few extra options. In this article…
03.30.2022

Working with Sequences in Postgres

Intro Sequences allow you to define number generators in Postgresql. They are often use to defined primary keys on table, but are heavily customizable. In this article, we will learn how to use…
03.29.2022

Working with Truncate Table in Postgres

Intro The Truncate Table allows us to delete large tables quickly. If you want to delete all records, the DELETE command will be slower than TRUNCATE. This is because TRUNCATE will skip many checks…
03.28.2022

How to Rename a Column in Postgres

Intro Postgresql provides the RENAME COLUMN clause when you nee to change the name of a column in an already created table. In this article, we will see an example how how to use the Rename Column in…
03.25.2022

Working with Change Column Type in Postgres

Intro Often when developing we will want to change the column types on an existing table. We can do this using the ALTER TABLE and TYPE clauses. In this article, we will learn how to change column…
03.24.2022

How to Install SQL Server with Docker

Intro SQL Server is one of the most widely used databases. Microsoft supports this database development and SQL Server has grown to support much more than just SQL. It also can scale up to many…
03.23.2022

Working with Drop Column in Postgres

Intro The Add Drop statement allows us to remove columns from an existing table in SQL. This is a common statement to use as you are developing your app. In this article, we will learn how to use Drop…
03.22.2022

Working with Add Column in Postgres

Intro The Add Column statement allows us to add columns to an existing table in SQL. This is a common statement to use as you are developing your app. In this article, we will learn how to use Add…
03.21.2022

Working with Add Column in MySQL

Intro The Add Column statement allows us to add columns to an existing table in SQL. This is a common statement to use as you are developing your app. In this article, we will learn how to use Add…
03.18.2022

Working with Alter Table in Postgres

Intro The Alter Table allows us to make changes to our SQL tables after they were designed. This is common in applications that are continuously evolving and being built on. With alter table we can…
03.17.2022

Working with Alter Table in MySQL

Intro The Alter Table allows us to make changes to our SQL tables after they were designed. This is common in applications that are continuously evolving and being built on. With alter table we can…
03.16.2022

How to Create Services in Kubernetes

Intro In Kubernetes, a service is a set of pods that provides and IP and/or DNS name for the pods to be accessed. This is the entry point for you app. Say you launch a pod or pods with a python api…
03.15.2022

How to Use Namespaces in Kubernetes

Intro Namespaces allow you to section off parts of your Kubernetes cluster and resources. This prevents name collisions and incorrect usage. For example, you may have many pods named and deploy a…
03.14.2022

Working with Create Temporary Table in Postgres

Intro The CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE statement allows us to create a short-lived table then is removed at the end of our session. This is helpful when doing some local calculations that you don't want to…
03.11.2022

Working with Create Temporary Table in MySQL

Intro The CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE statement allows us to create a short-lived table then is removed at the end of our session. This is helpful when doing some local calculations that you don't want to…
03.10.2022

Working with Create Table in Postgres

Intro The CREATE TABLE statement is a fundamental statement in SQL that allows you to create databases in SQL. When using this statement, you will be able to detail columns, constraints and other…
03.09.2022

Working with Create Table in MySQL

Intro The CREATE TABLE statement is a fundamental statement in SQL that allows you to create databases in SQL. When using this statement, you will be able to detail columns, constraints and other…
03.08.2022

Working with Update Join in Postgres

Intro The UPDATE statement with the Join allows us to change rows in a table based on joined data. Often you will want to connect two tables and updated based on conditions form the joined result. In…
03.07.2022

Working with Update Join in MySQL

Intro The UPDATE statement with the Join allows us to change rows in a table based on joined data. Often you will want to connect two tables and updated based on conditions form the joined result. In…
03.04.2022

Working with Replace in MySQL

Intro The statement allows us to overwrite a new row when we insert. When using REPLACE, MySQL will delete a row if there is a duplicate, then insert the new row. In this article, we will learn how…
03.03.2022

How to Create Jobs in Kubernetes

Intro Jobs in Kubernetes allow us to run one offs or recurring tasks using containers in our cluster. Common use cases for this are running one off reports from a database query, running tests during…
03.02.2022

Working with Delete Join in Postgres

Intro The allows us to delete data from multiple tables using a join. Often we will want o connect multiple tables, then delete rows. In this article, we will learn how to use in PostgreSQL. The…
03.01.2022

Working with Delete Join in MySQL

Intro The allows us to delete data from multiple tables using a join. Often we will want o connect multiple tables, then delete rows. In this article, we will learn how to use in MySQL. The Syntax…
02.28.2022

Working with Delete Cascade in Postgres

Intro The action allows us to set up an action on a relationship that will delete related rows when the parent is deleted. For example, if we have employees and salaries, we can set up our database…
02.25.2022

Working with Delete Cascade in MySQL

Intro The action allows us to set up an action on a relationship that will delete related rows when the parent is deleted. For example, if we have employees and salaries, we can set up our database…
02.24.2022

How to Create Pods in Kubernetes

Intro Creating pods is an every day task when working wit Kubernetes. Kubernetes provides a simple way to defined pods using yaml and to deploy them with the kubectl command. In this article, we will…
02.23.2022

How to import a csv into Postgres table

Intro Often we are given a csv of data, and we would like to now how to copy that data directly to a SQL table. Using the COPY command, we can do that easily. In this article, we will learn how to use…
02.22.2022

Working with Drop Database in Postgres

Intro The DROP DATABASE statement allows you to completely delete a database an all its contents. In this article, we will learn how to drop database in PostgreSQL. The Syntax The basic syntax of DROP…
02.21.2022

Working with Drop Database in MySQL

Intro The DROP DATABASE statement allows you to completely delete a database an all its contents. In this article, we will learn how to drop database in MySQL. The Syntax The basic syntax of DROP…
02.18.2022

How to find php.ini on Windows

Intro The BETWEEN operator allows you to filter for values in between two other values. For example, we could select items that are in a specific date range or houses in between a price range. In this…
02.17.2022

Working with Update in Postgres

Intro The UPDATE statement allows us to change rows in a table. This is one of the main statements you will use while working with SQL. In this article, we will learn how to use UPDATE in MySql. The…
02.16.2022

Working with Update in MySQL

Intro The UPDATE statement allows us to change rows in a table. This is one of the main statements you will use while working with SQL. In this article, we will learn how to use UPDATE in MySql. The…
02.15.2022

Working with Insert Into Ignore in Postgres

Intro When inserting multiple rows, but default SQL will stop and return an error if there is an issue and no rows are inserted. If we use the INSERT IGNORE statement we can skip errors and insert all…
02.14.2022

Working with Insert Ignore in MySQL

Intro When inserting multiple rows, but default SQL will stop and return an error if there is an issue and no rows are inserted. If we use the INSERT IGNORE statement we can skip errors and insert all…
02.11.2022

Working with Insert Into Select in Postgres

Intro When using the INSERT statement, we sometimes want to insert data from one table into another. We can use a SELECT clause after our INSERT to achieve this. In this article, we will learn how to…
02.10.2022

Working with Insert Into Select in MySQL

Intro When using the INSERT statement, we sometimes want to insert data from one table into another. We can use a SELECT clause after our INSERT to achieve this. In this article, we will learn how to…
02.09.2022

Working with Insert in Postgres

Intro The INSERT statement allows us to insert data into our tables. It is one of the main operations you will use. In this article, we will learn how to use Insert in MySQL. The Syntax The basic…
02.08.2022

Working with Insert in MySQL

Intro The INSERT statement allows us to insert data into our tables. It is one of the main operations you will use. In this article, we will learn how to use Insert in MySQL. The Syntax The basic…
02.07.2022

Working with Intersection in Postgres

Intro The INTERSECT operator allows us to join two queries together and only select the rows they share in common. This is similar to UNION except we only get rows that overlap. In this article, we…
02.04.2022

Working with Intersection in MySQL

Intro The INTERSECT operator allows us to join two queries together and only select the rows they share in common. This is similar to UNION except we only get rows that overlap. In this article, we…
02.03.2022

Working with Union in Postgres

Intro If we have multiple select with results that we want to combine, we can us the UNION operator. Unlike a join, the UNION will stack results together. In this article, we will learn how to use…
02.02.2022

Working with Union in MySQL

Intro If we have multiple select with results that we want to combine, we can us the UNION operator. Unlike a join, the UNION will stack results together. In this article, we will learn how to use…
02.01.2022

Working with CTEs in Postgres

Intro A Common Table Expression or CTE is a temporary table result that exists within a single query. The provide better performance and readability compared to derived tables and can self reference…
01.31.2022

Working with CTE in MySQL

Intro A Common Table Expression or CTE is a temporary table result that exists within a single query. The provide better performance and readability compared to derived tables and can self reference…
01.28.2022

Working with Exists in Postgres

Intro The EXISTS operator is an operator that returns true or false. We can use this clause to check if there are an items in a subquery. In this article, we will learn how to use EXISTS in PostgreSQL…
01.27.2022

Working with Exists in MySQL

Intro The EXISTS operator is an operator that returns true or false. We can use this clause to check if there are an items in a subquery. In this article, we will learn how to use EXISTS in MySQL. The…
01.26.2022

Working with Derived Table in Postgres

Intro A derived table is a subquery used in the FROM clause. Often we want to select a subset of a table, then do further selection on that derived table. In this article, we will learn how to use…
01.25.2022

Working with Derived Table in MySQL

Intro A derived table is a subquery used in the FROM clause. Often we want to select a subset of a table, then do further selection on that derived table. In this article, we will learn how to use…
01.24.2022

Working with Subquery in Postgres

Intro A Subquery is a nested query inside a query. We can often combine to queries to make more advanced conditions. For example, we can search for orders that belong to a list of customers that meet…
01.21.2022

Working with Subquery in MySQL

Intro A Subquery is a nested query inside a query. We can often combine to queries to make more advanced conditions. For example, we can search for orders that belong to a list of customers that meet…
01.20.2022

Working with Having in Postgres

Intro The HAVING clause allows us to filter group rows from SQL. When using the GROUP BY clause, our groups are created from rows already filters, from using the WHERE clause. Thus, we can use the…
01.19.2022

Working with Having in MySQL

Intro The HAVING clause allows us to filter group rows from SQL. When using the GROUP BY clause, our groups are created from rows already filters, from using the WHERE clause. Thus, we can use the…
01.18.2022

Working with GroupBy in Postgres

Intro The Group By clause allows us to summarize multiple rows into a less or even a single row. For example, if we want to count the number of people with the same last name or sum the number of…
01.17.2022

Working with GroupBy in MySQL

Intro The Group By clause allows us to summarize multiple rows into a less or even a single row. For example, if we want to count the number of people with the same last name or sum the number of…
01.13.2022

Working with Joins in MySQL

Intro Often when working with SQL we have multiple tables that are related. For example, we have have a user and their preferences in two separate tables. We can combine the information in both tables…
01.12.2022

Working with ALIAS in Postgres

Intro Aliases help you improve the readability of your queries. Sometimes, the column names are technically and you wish to change the names to be more human readable. Also, when joining table, you…
01.12.2022

Working with Joins in Postgres

Intro Often when working with SQL we have multiple tables that are related. For example, we have have a user and their preferences in two separate tables. We can combine the information in both tables…
01.11.2022

Working with ALIAS in MySQL

Intro The LIKE operator allows to filter values based on if a string contains a specified pattern or not. In this article, we will learn how to use the LIKE operator in MySql. The Syntax The basic…
01.10.2022

Working with LIKE in Postgres

Intro The LIKE operator allows to filter values based on if a string contains a specified pattern or not. In this article, we will learn how to use the LIKE operator in PostgreSQL. The Syntax The…
01.07.2022

Working with LIKE in MySQL

Intro The LIKE operator allows to filter values based on if a string contains a specified pattern or not. In this article, we will learn how to use the LIKE operator in MySql. The Syntax The basic…
01.06.2022

Working with IS NULL in PostgreSQL

Intro PostgreSQL provides the operator to help test for NULL fields. Since NULL is a special value to represent an empty state, we have special operators to use this value. In this article, we will…
01.05.2022

Working with IS NULL in MySQL

Intro MySQL provides the operator to help test for NULL fields. Since NULL is a special value to represent an empty state, we have special operators to use this value. In this article, we will learn…
01.04.2022

Working with In in Postgres

Intro PostgreSQL provides the IN operator to match a list of values. Rather than writing a list of OR clauses we can use the IN as a shortcut. For example, say we have a list of cities and addresses…
01.03.2022

Working with IN in MySQL

Intro MySql provides the IN operator to match a list of values. Rather than writing a list of OR clauses we can use the IN as a shortcut. For example, say we have a list of cities and addresses. We…
12.31.2021

Working with Between in Postgres

Intro When viewing data, we often run into duplicate entries. For example, we may want to query addresses, and we should expect to see multiple addresses with the same country. If we would like to see…
12.30.2021

Working with Distinct in MySQL

Intro When viewing data, we often run into duplicate entries. For example, we may want to query addresses, and we should expect to see multiple addresses with the same country. If we would like to see…
12.29.2021

How to Create a Database PostgreSQL

Intro In PostgreSQL you will often start by creating and selecting which database to use. You need a database to store data, so this is a logically place to start. In this article, we will learn how…
12.28.2021

How to Create a Database in MySQL

Intro In MySql you will often start by creating and selecting which database to use. You need a database to store data, so this is a logically place to start. In this article, we will learn how to…
12.27.2021

Working with Between in Postgres

Intro The BETWEEN operator allows you to filter for values in between two other values. For example, we could select items that are in a specific date range or houses in between a price range. In this…
12.25.2021

Getting Started with Laravel

Getting Composer To get started with laravel, we will first need which is a package manager for php. You can install it in a few ways. If on mac, we recommend homebrew: https://formulae.brew.sh…
12.24.2021

Working with Between in MySQL

Intro The BETWEEN operator allows you to filter for values in between two other values. For example, we could select items that are in a specific date range or houses in between a price range. In this…
12.23.2021

Working with Where in Postgres

Intro The WHERE cause allows you to filter results returned by the SELECT statement. For example, we can filter a list of actors by their first name. In this article, we will learn how to use the…
12.22.2021

Working with Select in Postgres

Intro The SELECT clause is the main entry to sql. The command allows us to query data from our SQL database. In this article, we will learn how to use Postgres Select. Getting Setup For our setup, we…
12.21.2021

Working with Orderby in Postgres

Intro When viewing rows for our data base, we often want to sort the data for some meaningful analysis. To do this, we can use the clause. In this article, we will learn how to use ORDER BY in…
12.20.2021

Working with Limit in Postgres

Intro We often work with large databases and only want to return a small number of rows to view our data. Postgresql provides the LIMIT keyword to help with this. In this article, we will learn how to…
12.17.2021

Working with Delete in Postgres

Intro When we want to remove rows, we can use the statement. We can remove all rows in a table, or use selectors like WHERE and LIMIT to remove less. In this article, we will learn how to use DELETE…
12.16.2021

Getting Started with Postgres and Docker

Getting Setup For our setup, we will use docker compose to create a Postgres database and to connect phpmyadmin. Start by copying the following into a docker compose file called We can run this file…
12.15.2021

Working with MySql Limit and Offset

Intro We often work with large databases and only want to return a small number of rows to view our data. Mysql provides the LIMIT keyword to help with this. In this article, we will learn how to use…
12.14.2021

Getting Started with MySql and Docker

Intro Working with Databases has never been easier. With the use of image based systems like docker, we can quickly get a dev environment running without running through a lot of installs. In this…
12.13.2021

Working with MySql Order By

Intro When viewing rows for our data base, we often want to sort the data for some meaningful analysis. To do this, we can use the clause. In this article, we will learn how to use ORDER BY in MySql…
12.10.2021

Working with MySql Delete

Intro When we want to remove rows, we can use the statement. We can remove all rows in a table, or use selectors like WHERE and LIMIT to remove less. In this article, we will learn how to use DELETE…
12.09.2021

Working with MySql Where

Intro The WHERE cause allows you to filter results returned by the SELECT statement. For example, we can filter a list of actors by their first name. In this article, we will learn how to use the…
12.08.2021

Working with JSON in Go

Intro JSON is a domain specific language (DSL) that allows you to defined data. It is an alternative to YAML and is used in many apps to send responses via REST apis to config files. In this article…
12.07.2021

Working with MySql Select

Intro The SELECT clause is the main entry to sql. The command allows us to query data from our SQL database. In this article, we will learn how to use MySql Select. Getting Setup We will be using…
12.06.2021

Working with YAML in Go

Intro YAML is another domain specific language (DSL) that allows you to defined data. It is an alternative to JSON and is used heavily in apps such as Kubernetes. In this article, we will learn how to…
12.03.2021

Working with Email in Go

Intro Go provides an smtp package which uses the SMTP standard to send email. Sending email is a common use in most programs. In practice, you will often want to use a service such as Mailgun and…
12.02.2021

Working with Scope in Go

Intro Scope in programming languages defines the region where a variable exists. In Go, we have three places to declare variables, local, global, and formal parameters. In this article, we will learn…
12.01.2021

Working with Type Conversion in Go

Intro Type conversion lets you easily change the types of your variables in Go. We can do this using the cast operator. In this article, we will learn how to use type conversion in Go. The Case…
11.30.2021

Working with Logs in Go

Intro Logs allow you to send info or errors during your program for debugging purposes. In practice, logging is often used in conjunction with something like Elastic Search to monitor and track down…
11.29.2021

Working with Channels in Go

Intro Channels allow you to shared data between goroutines. When executing multiple concurrent tasks, you often want to send and receive data from these tasks. Channels allow you to do this. In this…
11.26.2021

Working with WaitGroups in Go

Intro When using goroutines, you often need to wait for many goroutines to complete. You can set a timer, but this can be inconsistent as you don't always know how long the goroutines will take. To…
11.25.2021

Working with GoRoutines in Go

Intro Go routines allow you to execute operations or functions concurrently. These are Go's way of handling multi-threading or asynchronous programming. In this article, we will learn how to us…
11.24.2021

Working with Panic in Go

Intro Go doesn't have an exception mechanism, instead we have panic. During run time, if there is an execution problem, Go will throw a panic. This will stop code execution, completed all deferred…
11.23.2021

Working with Deferred Functions in Go

Intro Go doesn't have an exception mechanism, instead we have panic. During run time, if there is an execution problem, Go will throw a panic. This will stop code execution, completed all deferred…
11.22.2021

Working with Variadic Functions in Go

Intro Variadic functions allow you to pass a variable number of arguments. If you are creating a function, but want to allow for various arguments, you can use a variadic function. For example. The…
11.19.2021

Working with Switch in Go

Intro In go, the switch statement allows us to direct program flow in a slightly different way. Instead of multiple if else statements, we can use switch on a single expression. In this article, we…
11.18.2021

Working with Loop Control in Go

Intro Interfaces in Go work a bit different than in other languages. First of all, you specify only the methods that an interface should conform to and not the properties. Also, interfaces are…
11.17.2021

Working with Interfaces in Go

Intro Interfaces in Go work a bit different than in other languages. First of all, you specify only the methods that an interface should conform to and not the properties. Also, interfaces are…
11.16.2021

Working with If Else in Go

Intro Go provides us with the common , , and control statements that you would expect from programming languages. These statements allow you to branch and run code based on conditions. In this…
11.15.2021

Working with Struct in Go

Intro In Go, structs allow you to create your own data types by grouping multiple types together. For example, we can create a person struct to hold a first name, last name, and more. In this article…
11.12.2021

Working with Range in Go

Intro The range keyword can be used with the for keyword to loop through Go data types. We can loop through arrays, slices, maps, and channels. In this article, we will learn how to use Go range…
11.11.2021

Working with Maps in Go

Intro Maps allow us to build a map of keys to values. For example, we can map a list of users to phone numbers to quickly retrieve the information. In this article, we will learn how to use Maps in Go…
11.10.2021

Working with Slices in Go

Intro Slices are super charged arrays. They allow you to dynamically build, add, and modify lists. Similar to arrays, they must have the same site, but they don't require a static size. In this…
11.09.2021

Working with Arrays in Go

Intro Arrays are a fixed list of variables all with the same size. For example, we can have an array of 3 integers, or 4 strings, but we cannot mix them. Because arrays are fixed, their size cannot…
11.06.2021

Working with strings in Go

Intro In Go, strings are a read-only sequences of bytes. If you know other programming languages, you are probably used to managing a sequence of characters. Go uses bytes to support many characters…
11.05.2021

Working with Functions in Go

Intro Function allow you to group code together and easily reuse code. In Go, we always have a main function where the program starts. From then on, we can build out functions to keep our code…
11.04.2021

Working with For Loops in Go

Intro Loops allows you to easily repeat code by telling the compiler how many times to execute a block of code. In this article, we will learn how to use loops in Go. Loops in Go Go is slightly…
11.03.2021

PySpark Binarizer

Intro The PySpark Binarizer allows you to convert a continuous variable into a discrete 0 or 1. This is helpful when you want to simply convert a column to check if a value exists based on a threshold…
11.02.2021

PySpark Statistics Package

Intro PySpark provides a stats library located in that gives us a few tests and classes to use to do common statistical flows. The are based on vectors and provide scalable operations. In this…
11.01.2021

PySpark Vectors

Intro PySpark provides several methods for working with linear algebra methods in the machine learning library. Specifically, we have a few ways to build and work with vectors at scale. In this…
10.31.2021

PySpark Difference Between Two Dates

Intro PySpark provides us with and that allows us to get the time differences between two dates. This is helpful when wanting to calculate the age of observations or time since an event occurred. In…
10.30.2021

PySpark Date_Format

Intro The PySpark function allows use to convert date columns into string columns using a specific output. A common task would be to convert to and iso8601 standard for exporting to other systems. In…
10.29.2021

PySpark To_Date

Intro The PySpark method allows us to convert timestamps to a date type. This is useful if you import csv data that has date strings, but you want to perform date options on it. In this article, we…
10.28.2021

PySpark Substring

Intro The PySpark method allows us to extract a substring from a column in a DataFrame. In this article, we will learn how to use substring in PySpark. Setting Up The quickest way to get started…
10.26.2021

Working with Operators in Go

Intro Operators allow us to perform mathematics, comparisons, and much more in programming. Go provides a great set of operators for your daily use. In this article, we will learn how to use operators…
10.25.2021

Working with Constants in Go

Intro Constants are variables that have a fixed value and cannot be changed. They are often use to keep static values that you don't want changed later on. For example, you may have a size for a cache…
10.23.2021

C# Type Conversion

Intro Type conversion or type casting is a common feature in programming levels that allows you to go from one type to another. This is common when converting types to strings for logging or…
10.22.2021

PySpark ConcatWS

Intro The PySpark function allows you to concatenate an array field into a single Sting field. This serves as the opposite of the function. This allows you to perform string operations on a column…
10.21.2021

PySpark Split

Intro The PySpark method allows us to split a column that contains a string by a delimiter. For example, we have a column that combines a date string, we can split this string into an Array Column…
10.20.2021

PySpark Fillna

Intro The PySpark and methods allow you to replace empty or null values in your dataframes. This helps when you need to run your data through algorithms or plotting that does not allow for empty…
10.19.2021

Working with Variables in Go

Intro Declaring variables is a fundamental task in all programming languages. To do this in Go, we can use the following formula: is a reserved keyword that tells go we are going to declare a…
10.17.2021

PySpark ForEach

Intro The PySpark method allows us to take small samples from large data sets. This allows us to analyze datasets that are too large to review completely. Setting Up The quickest way to get started…
10.16.2021

PySpark ForEach

Intro The PySpark method allows us to iterate over the rows in a DataFrame. Unlike methods like map and flatMap, the method does not transform or returna any values. In this article, we will learn…
10.15.2021

PySpark FlatMap

Intro The PySpark method allows use to iterate over rows in an RDD and transform each item. This method is similar to method, but will produce a flat list or array of data instead of mapping to new…
10.14.2021

PySpark Map

Intro The PySpark method allows use to iterate over rows in an RDD and transform each item. Mapping is a common functional operation and PySpark allows us to use this at scale. In this article, we…
10.13.2021

PySpark UDF (User Defined Function)

Intro Similar to most SQL database such as Postgres, MySQL and SQL server, PySpark allows for user defined functions on its scalable platform. These functions can be run on dataframes or registers to…
10.12.2021

PySpark UnionByName

Intro When merging two dataframes with , we sometimes have a different order of columns, or sometimes, we have one dataframe missing columns. In these cases, PySpark provides us with the method. In…
10.11.2021

PySpark Union

Intro PySpark provides us with the function to merge two or more data frames together. There also exists a method that was deprecated since Spark 2.0, but can be used if you have an older version…
10.09.2021

PySpark GroupBy

Intro When working we often want to group data to view distributions or aggregations. PySpark provides us with the method to group our dataframes. In this particle, we will learn how to work with…
10.08.2021

PySpark Drop OrderBy

Intro When working with data and viewing, we often want to sort or order our data for easier review. PySpark provides the and functions to sort dataframes. In this article, we will learn how to use…
10.07.2021

PySpark Drop Duplicates

Intro During the data cleaning process, we would like to remove duplicate rows. PySpark provides us with the and that let's us remove duplicates on large amounts of data. In this article, we will…
10.06.2021

PySpark Filter

Intro Often when working with dataframes we want to filter our data to a subset. PySpark provides us with the and the alias to filter our data frames. In this article, we will learn how to use…
10.05.2021

PySpark WithColumnRenamed

Intro The allows us to easily change the column names in our PySpark dataframes. In this article, we will learn how to change column names with PySpark withColumnRenamed. Setting Up The quickest way…
10.04.2021

PySpark WithColumn

Intro The method allow us to add columns, modify their types, modify their values and more. It is one of the most commonly used methods for PySpark. In this article, we will learn how to use PySpark…
10.03.2021

PySpark Collect

Intro The dataframe collect method is used to return the rows in a dataframe as a list of PySpark Row classes. This is used to retrieve data on small dataframes so that you can inspect and iterate…
10.02.2021

PySpark Select

Intro Selecting columns is one of the most common operations when working with dataframes. We can select by position or name. We can also select a single or multiple columns. In this article, we will…
10.01.2021

PySpark Row

Intro The PySpark Row class is located in the module and provides a simple way to create rows or observations in a dataframe or an RDD. In this article, we will learn how to use PySpark Row. Let's…
09.30.2021

PySpark StructType and StructField

Intro PySpark provides two major classes, and several other minor classes, to help defined schemas. This allows us to interact with Spark's distributed environment in a type safe way. In this article…
09.28.2021

PySpark Show

Intro The show function allows us to preview a data frame. The show method provides us with a few options to edit the output. In this article, we will learn how to use the PySpark show function. We…
09.27.2021

PySpark Window Functions

Intro Computing operations over a window of data, or a subset, is a common task. Often we want to rank information or subsets of data. For example, we may want to see the top sales per each month. In…
09.26.2021

PySpark Pivot (rows to columns)

Intro Often when viewing data, we have it stored in an observation format. Sometimes, we would like to turn a category feature into columns. We can use the Pivot method for this. In this article, we…
09.25.2021

PySpark DataFrame Join

Intro Often you will have multiple datasets, tables, or dataframes that you would like to combine. For example, you may have customers and their purchases and would like to see these in a single…
09.24.2021

PySpark DataFrame Aggregations

Intro One main feature you will use in Spark is aggregation. This will help with exploratory data analysis and building dashboards that scale. In this article, we will learn how to use pyspark…
09.23.2021

PySpark DataFrame Select, Filter, Where

Intro Filtering and subsetting your data is a common task in Data Science. Thanks to spark, we can do similar operation to sql and pandas at scale. In this article, we will learn how to use pyspark…
09.22.2021

PySpark Handle Null Data

Intro Often when working with data you will find null values. It is a common task to work with and know how to manage these null values. The decision to drop or to impute is important in the model…
09.21.2021

PySpark Create Dataframe

Intro There are many ways to create a data frame in spark. You can supply the data yourself, use a pandas data frame, or read from a number of sources such as a database or even a Kafka stream. In…
09.20.2021

Redis Sort with Node

Intro Sorting is a common programming task, and you may be tempted to pull data from Redis and sort it client side. However, using Redis's built in sort function will be more performant and general…
09.19.2021

Redis Sort with Python

Intro Sorting is a common programming task, and you may be tempted to pull data from Redis and sort it client side. However, using Redis's built in sort function will be more performant and general…
09.18.2021

Redis Server Sessions in Python

Intro Sessions are usually short lived data, or at least have an expiration date, used to transfer state accross RESTful applications. REST applications are stateless per their spec, yet sometimes we…
09.17.2021

Backing Up and Restoring Redis

Intro Redis uses two methods for persistence, snapshotting and append only file. Both have different use cases and can be used separately or in conjunction. In this article, we will learn how to…
09.16.2021

Redis Server Sessions in Node

Intro Sessions are usually short lived data, or at least have an expiration date, used to transfer state accross RESTful applications. REST applications are stateless per their spec, yet sometimes we…
09.15.2021

Redis Transactions in Node

Intro Transactions are a common database requirement for when you need to make multiple insert or update operations together. That is, if one operation fails, you don't want to execute either…
09.14.2021

Redis Transactions in Python

Intro Transactions are a common database requirement for when you need to make multiple insert or update operations together. That is, if one operation fails, you don't want to execute either…
09.13.2021

Node Redis Expire

Intro Expiring keys allows you to set automatic time limits for keys in Redis. When you set a TTL (time to live), Redis will clean up and remove the key when time has run out. This can be helpful for…
09.12.2021

Python Redis Expire

Intro Expiring keys allows you to set automatic time limits for keys in Redis. When you set a TTL (time to live), Redis will clean up and remove the key when time has run out. This can be helpful for…
09.11.2021

Python Redis Pub Sub

Intro Redis provides a Pub/Sub api that scales well and allows for quick real time connections. Real time apps are very popular, so redis can help you solve these business problems. If you are…
09.10.2021

Redis Pipeline in Nodejs

Intro Redis offers a feature called pipeline that allows you to bulk send commands. This can drastically improved performance if you are running queries that can be batched together. The reason for…
09.09.2021

Redis Pipeline in Python

Intro Redis offers a feature called pipeline that allows you to bulk send commands. This can drastically improved performance if you are running queries that can be batched together. The reason for…
09.08.2021

Node Redis Pubsub

Intro Redis provides a Pub/Sub api that scales well and allows for quick real time connections. Real time apps are very popular, so redis can help you solve these business problems. If you are…
09.07.2021

Redis Bitmap in Python

Intro Bitmaps are a pattern in redis, not actualy a data type as they are just using string, that can help save space when using redis. For example, you can store 4 billion users subscribed to a…
09.06.2021

Redis Bitmap in Nodejs

Intro Bitmaps are a pattern in redis, not actualy a data type as they are just using string, that can help save space when using redis. For example, you can store 4 billion users subscribed to a…
09.05.2021

Python Redis HyperLogLog Commands

Intro Tracking unique visits to a page or user vists is a common requirement for business applications. Doing this with large volumes can be very difficult as the data requirements are high. Thus, we…
09.04.2021

Node Redis HyperLogLog Commands

Intro Tracking unique visits to a page or user vists is a common requirement for business applications. Doing this with large volumes can be very difficult as the data requirements are high. Thus, we…
09.03.2021

Python Redis Geo Commands

Intro Geocoding and coordinates are a common use case in modern applications. These computations can be very heavy in terms of lookups so it is often desired to cache. Thus, Redis provides us with the…
09.02.2021

Node Redis Geo Commands

Intro Geocoding and coordinates are a common use case in modern applications. These computations can be very heavy in terms of lookups so it is often desired to cache. Thus, Redis provides us with the…
09.01.2021

Python Redis Sorted Set Commands

Intro Sorted sets are a powerful data set used in redis. If you are familiar with binary search, you know the importance of having a presorted set to access items in log(n). This data type is often…
08.31.2021

Node Redis Sorted Set Commands

Intro Sorted sets are a powerful data set used in redis. If you are familiar with binary search, you know the importance of having a presorted set to access items in log(n). This data type is often…
08.30.2021

Python Redis Set Commands

Intro Sets are lists filled with unique items. The set data type is helpfuly when you want to work with unique data types, thus they help with features where you want to easily deuplicate values. In…
08.29.2021

Node Redis Set Commands

Intro Sets are lists filled with unique items. The set data type is helpfuly when you want to work with unique data types, thus they help with features where you want to easily deuplicate values. In…
08.28.2021

Python Redis HSET and other Hash Commands

Intro Hash data types are used in many alogrithms to increase speed. They usually take more memory but improved the processing speed. This makes them an asset in the redis database which takes the…
08.27.2021

Node Redis HSET and other Hash Commands

Intro Hash data types are used in many alogrithms to increase speed. They usually take more memory but improved the processing speed. This makes them an asset in the redis database which takes the…
08.26.2021

Python Redis Lists

Intro Lists are one of the fundemental data types in Redis. You will often use this data type to manage many features. In this article, we look at many of the common list commands in Redis using…
08.25.2021

Node js Redis Lists

Intro Lists are one of the fundemental data types in Redis. You will often use this data type to manage many features. In this article, we look at many of the common list commands in Redis using Node…
08.24.2021

Python Redis

Intro When building large scale applications, there comes a need for scaling. There are many places to start with scaling, but one place my be scaling your reads. Let's say that you have a read heavy…
08.23.2021

Node js redis

Intro When building large scale applications, there comes a need for scaling. There are many places to start with scaling, but one place my be scaling your reads. Let's say that you have a read heavy…
08.22.2021

Observability: Python Health Check Example

Intro Building out health checks is a common task when building a web server. You may have seen status sites, such as Github status, where we can see the update time of each service that is offered…
08.21.2021

Observability: Node js Health Check Example

Intro Building out health checks is a common task when building a web server. You may have seen status sites, such as Github status, where we can see the update time of each service that is offered…
08.19.2021

Observability: Python Distributed Tracing with Open Zipkin Example

Intro Eventually apps get complicated and make many requests. When building out services such as microservices or even just multi services, debugging our apps get a bit harder. The services will…
08.15.2021

Observability: Node Distributed Tracing with Open Zipkin Example

Intro Eventually apps get complicated and make many requests. When building out services such as microservices or even just multi services, debugging our apps get a bit harder. The services will…
08.14.2021

Observability: Python Grafana and Statsd for Performance Monitoring

Intro Monitoring performance and uptime is a common task in server development. We often want to know how fast our endpoints are performing and if they are responding at all. With the help of statsd…
08.13.2021

Observability: Nodejs Grafana and Statsd for Performance Monitoring

Intro Monitoring performance and uptime is a common task in server development. We often want to know how fast our endpoints are performing and if they are responding at all. With the help of statsd…
08.12.2021

Observability: Python Elasticsearch Example

Intro Logging is one of the most fundemental observability concepts needed in Python programming. Whether we have a cli app, REST api app, or graphql app, we use logs to make sure things are going…
08.11.2021

Observability: Node js Elasticsearch Example

Intro Logging is one of the most fundemental observability concepts needed in Node.js programming. Whether we have a cli app, REST api app, or graphql app, we use logs to make sure things are going…
08.09.2021

MA Model in Python

Intro The moving average model, or MA model, predicts a value at a particular time using previous errors. The model relies on the average of previous time serries and correlations between errors that…
08.08.2021

AR Model in Python

Intro The auto regression model, or AR model, predicts a value at a particular time using previous lags (values at previous times). The model relies on the correlations between lags, or auto…
08.07.2021

AR Model in R

Intro The auto regression model, or AR model, predicts a value at a particular time using previous lags (values at previous times). The model relies on the correlations between lags, or auto…
08.06.2021

Python White Noise Simuation

Intro White noise is a base line model that appears when we have removed correlations and difference. The model is a simple list of random errors and serves as a base for many time series models. In…
08.04.2021

R White Noise Simuation

Intro White noise is a base line model that appears when we have removed correlations and difference. The model is a simple list of random errors and serves as a base for many time series models. In…
08.03.2021

Python Random Walk Simuation

Intro Random walks are one of the fundamental time series models. Despite this simplicity, they are able to model many real world scenarios. In this article, we will learn how to simulate a random…
08.02.2021

R Random Walk Simuation

Intro Random walks are one of the fundamental time series models. Despite this simplicity, they are able to model many real world scenarios. In this article, we will learn how to simulate a random…
08.01.2021

How to Check Stationarity of Time Series Data in Python

Intro Before modeling a time series data set, we often want to check if the data is stationary. Many models assume stationary time series, and if this assumption is violated, our forcast will not be…
07.31.2021

How to Check Stationarity of Time Series data in R

Intro Before modeling a time series data set, we often want to check if the data is stationary. Many models assume stationary time series, and if this assumption is violated, our forcast will not be…
07.30.2021

Second Order Exponential Smoothing in R

Intro Second Order Exponential Smoothing extends Simple Exponential Smoothing by adding a Trend Smoother. If SES doesn’t work well, we can see if there is a trend and add another component to our…
07.29.2021

Second Order Exponential Smoothing in Python

Intro Second Order Exponential Smoothing extends Simple Exponential Smoothing by adding a Trend Smoother. If SES doesn't work well, we can see if there is a trend and add another component to our…
07.28.2021

Simple Exponential Smoothing in R

Intro Simple Exponential Smoothing is a forecasting model that extends the basic moving average by adding weights to previous lags. As the lags grow, the weight, alpha, is decreased which leads to…
07.27.2021

Simple Exponential Smoothing in Python

Intro Simple Exponential Smoothing is a forecasting model that extends the basic moving average by adding weights to previous lags. As the lags grow, the weight, alpha, is decreased which leads to…
07.26.2021

Time Series Decomposition in R

Intro When working with time series data, we often want to decompose a time series into several components. We usually want to break out the trend, seasonality, and noise. In this article, we will…
07.25.2021

Time Series Decomposition in Python

Intro When working with time series data, we often want to decompose a time series into several components. We usually want to break out the trend, seasonility, and noise. In this article, we will…
07.24.2021

How to Perform a Ljung-Box Test in Python

Intro When working with time series, we deal with autocorrelation often. In our toolkit, we have a statistical test to check if a time series contains an autocorrelation. That test is Ljung-Box. In…
07.23.2021

How to Conduct a Ljung-Box Test in R

Intro When working with time series, we deal with autocorrelation often. In our toolkit, we have a statistical test to check if a time series contains an autocorrelation. That test is Ljung-Box. In…
07.22.2021

Detrending Time Series in Python

Intro A common task in time series analysis is taking the difference or detrending of a series. This is often used to take a non-stationary time series and make it stationary. In this article, we will…
07.21.2021

Detrending Time Series in R

Intro A common task in time series analysis is taking the difference or detrending of a series. This is often used to take a non-stationary time series and make it stationary. In this article, we will…
07.20.2021

Python Rolling Mean

Intro When working with time series, we often want to view the average over a certain number of days. For example, we can view a 7-day rolling average to give us an idea of change from week to week…
07.19.2021

Moving Average in R

Intro When working with time series, we often want to view the average over a certain number of days. For example, we can view a 7-day rolling average to give us an idea of change from week to week…
07.18.2021

Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test in Python

Intro In time series analysis, we often want to check if a time series is stationary. This is because when modeling, most of our techniques rely on stationary time series. One way to check for a…
07.17.2021

Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test in R

Intro In time series analysis, we often want to check if a time series is stationary. This is because when modeling, most of our techniques rely on stationary time series. One way to check for a…
07.16.2021

Plot ACF Python

Intro The autocorrelation function measures the correlations between an observation and its previous lag in a time series model. These functions are often used to determine which time series model to…
07.15.2021

ACF Plot in R

Intro The autocorrelation function measures the correlations between an observation and its previous lag in a time series model. These functions are often used to determine which time series model to…
07.14.2021

R Resample Time Series

Intro Resampling is a common task when working with time series dta. Resampling goes in two directions, upsampling and downsampling. Upsampling allows us to go from a lower time frame to a higher, i.e…
07.13.2021

Pandas Resample Time Series

Intro Resampling is a common task when working with time series dta. Resampling goes in two directions, upsampling and downsampling. Upsampling allows us to go from a lower time frame to a higher, i.e…
07.12.2021

How to Plot a Timeseries in Python

Intro When working with time series models, we would often like to plot the data to see how it changes over time. This is a simply line plot, but the x-axis is always dates. In this article, we will…
07.11.2021

How to Plot KMeans Clusters in Python

Intro When modeling clusters with algorithms such as KMeans, it is often helpful to plot the clusters and visualize the groups. This can be done rather simply by filtered our data set and using…
07.10.2021

How to Filter and Subset a Time Series in Python

Intro Using time series is a common task in data science with python. We often want to select specific information based on dates or a date range. In this article, we will learn how to index and…
07.09.2021

Subsetting a Time Series in R

Intro When working with time series, we often want to access a subset of our data based on a range of dates. When using data frames, we have many ways to index and subset data. With the help of the R…
07.09.2021

Subsetting a Time Series in R

Intro When working with time series, we often want to access a subset of our data based on a range of dates. When using data frames, we have many ways to index and subset data. With the help of the R…
07.08.2021

Ordinal Encoding in Python

Intro Ordinal Encoding is similar to Label Encoding where we take a list of categories and convert them into integers. However, unlike Label Encoding, we preserve and order. For example, if we are…
07.06.2021

Label Encoding in Python

Intro Label Encoding is one of many encoding techniques to convert your categorical variables into numerical variables. This is a requirement for many machine learning algorithms. Label Encoding is…
07.05.2021

How to Create a Timeseries in Python

Intro Time series is one of the most common analysis and modeling in Data Science. In this article, we will learn how to create time series in python. Creating a Basic Time Series To create a time…
07.04.2021

Ordinal Encoding in R

Intro Ordinal Encoding is similar to Label Encoding where we take a list of categories and convert them into integers. However, unlike Label Encoding, we preserve and order. For example, if we are…
07.03.2021

One Hot Encoding in Python

Intro One hot encoding is a method of converting categorical variables into numerical form. It is a preprocessing needed for some machine learning algorithms to improve performance. In this article…
07.02.2021

Label Encoding in R

Intro Label Encoding is one of many encoding techniques to convert your categorical variables into numerical variables. This is a requirement for many machine learning algorithms. Label Encoding is…
07.01.2021

How to create time series in r

Intro Time series is one of the most common analysis and modeling in Data Science. In this article, we will learn how to create time series in R. Creating a Basic Time Series Let’s say we had a vector…
07.01.2021

How to plot time series in R

Intro When working with time series models, we would often like to plot the data to see how it changes over time. This is a simply line plot, but the x-axis is always dates. In this article, we will…
06.30.2021

Box Cox in Python

Intro A Box-Cox transformation is a preprocessing technique used to transform a distribution into a normally distributed one. Normal distribution is often a requirement, especially for linear…
06.29.2021

Box Cox in R

Intro A Box-Cox transformation is a preprocessing technique used to transform a distribution into a normally distributed one. Normal distribution is often a requirement, especially for linear…
06.28.2021

Cubist Regression in R

Intro Cubist is a rule based model that builds regression solutions based on building rules. In this article, we will learn how to use cubist model in r. Data For this tutorial, we will use the Boston…
06.27.2021

Boosted Tree Regression in R

Intro Boosted Trees are commonly used in regression. They are an ensemble method similar to bagging, however, instead of building mutliple trees in parallel, they build tress sequentially. They used…
06.26.2021

Random Forest in R

Intro Random Forest is a common tree model that uses the bagging technique. Many trees are built up in parallel and used to build a single tree model. In this article, we will learn how to use random…
06.25.2021

Decision Tree Regression in R

Intro Decision Trees model regression problems by split data based on different values. This ends by creating a tree structure that you can follow to find the solution. In this article, we will learn…
06.24.2021

KNN Regression in R

Intro The KNN model will use the K-closest samples from the training data to predict. KNN is often used in classification, but can also be used in regression. In this article, we will learn how to use…
06.23.2021

MARS Regression in R

Intro Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines or MARS is a regression model that extends linear models to nonlinear. It essentially creates many piecewise functions to model your data. In this…
06.22.2021

Pivot Table in R

Intro Pivot tables allow you to summarize groups of data easily. We can simply group data by different categorize and see summaries like totals, mean, etc. In this article, we will learn how to create…
06.21.2021

SVM Regression in R

Intro SVM models are a varied model that can work for both regression and classification. They work to find a hyperplance between points and increase the margin. We will leave the math to a different…
06.20.2021

One Hot Encoding in R

Intro One hot encoding is a method of converting categorical variables into numerical form. It is a preprocessing needed for some machine learning algorithms to improve performance. In this article…
06.19.2021

Partial Least Squares in R

Intro Partial Least Squares is a machine learning model that helps solbe issues with multicollinearity. It has advantages of PCA regression in the sense that it is still easily interpretable and has…
06.18.2021

PCA Regression in R

Intro PCA or Principal component regression is the process of using PCA to preprocess the data then running a linear regression model. The PCA process will give us new variables or predictors that we…
06.17.2021

Ridge Regression in R

Intro Ridge regression is a modified linear regression model called a penalized regression. It adds a penalty to the linear regression model when optimizing to help with multicollinearity issues. In…
06.16.2021

Lasso Regression in R

Intro Lasso regression is a model that builds on linear regression to solve for issues of multicolinearity. The optimization functin in lasso adds a shrinkage parameter which allows for remove…
06.15.2021

Logistic Regression in R

Intro Logistic Regression modifies a regression model to return a binary response, i.e. yes or no. This is helpful when we want to solve a classification problem to decided between two classes. In…
06.14.2021

Linear Regression in R

Intro Linear Regression is model that predicts a response based on one or more predictors (columns). This model is one of the most fundemental model and is often used as a baseline in machine learning…
06.13.2021

How to use dplyr group by in R

Intro The group_by method allows you to group data which allows for easy visualization and summarizing over groups. Tidyverse makes single and multiple groups easy. In this article, we will learn how…
06.12.2021

How to use dplyr summarize in R

Intro The summarize method allows you to run summary statistics easily on your dataset. Mean and counts are easily accessed with this tidyverse method. In this article, we will learn how to use dplyr…
06.11.2021

How to use dplyr select in R

Intro The select method let’s you easily select columns from your data set. There are many helpful operators and select helpers to get what you need. In this article, we will learn how to use the…
06.10.2021

How to use dplyr relocate in R

Intro The relocate method allows you to reorder the columns in a data set. The method is similar to select, but has some helpful methods for moving columns around. In this article, we will learn how…
06.09.2021

How to use dplyr transmute in R

Intro The transmute method in dplyr allows you to add new variables, especially computed ones. Unlike mutate, the transmute will remove other columns by default. A common data wrangling task is to…
06.08.2021

How to use dplyr rename in R

Intro The rename method allows you to quickly rename columns in your data set. This is a common task when you have obscure or large names and want to rename for clarity. In this article, we will learn…
06.07.2021

How to use dplyr mutate in R

Intro The mutate method in dplyr allows you to add new variables, especially computed ones, while preserving existing columns. A common data wrangling task is to create new columns using computations…
06.06.2021

How to use dplyr count in R

Intro The count will display the count of unique values for a column in your data set. This helps you quickly view the count of variables in a tabular form. In this article, we will learn how to use…
06.05.2021

How to use dplyr pull in R

Intro The pull method from dplyr allows use to simplify accessing single values from data. We can see this by comparing the base r way with the dplyr way. In this article, we will learn how to use the…
06.04.2021

How to use dplyr filter in R

Intro Filtering and subsetting data is a common task in data wrangling. Often we have a large set and we want to either model or preview a smaller selection. In this article, we will learn how to…
06.03.2021

How to use dplyr distinct in R

Intro Finding duplicates is simple using the verb in . There are many options that allow you to specify column combinations to find distinct rows which is essential when looking for duplicates. In…
06.02.2021

How to Sort by Columns using dplyr Arrange in R

Intro Sorting data by columns is a common task in data wrangling. The Tidyverse includes a useful method in the package that makes sorting simple. There is support for sorting by multiple columns…
06.01.2021

How to Create a ggplot Line Plot in R

Intro Line plots are used to show a continous varaible compared to an ordinal varaible. Most commonly line plots are used to show how some varaible changes over time. In this article, we will learn…
05.31.2021

How to Create a ggplot Histogram Plot in R

Intro Histogram plots allow you to view distributions of continuous variables. The plot will bin a continuous variable into groups and count the number of observations in each group. This helps you…
05.30.2021

How to Create a ggplot Density Plot in R

Intro A density plot allows for us to view the distribution of continous variables. This gives us an idea of the distribution of the variable matches one we recognize or if we want to transform the…
05.29.2021

How to Create a ggplot BarPlot in R

Intro When analyzing a data set, you often would like to compare categorical variables to each other. For example, you may have a list of sales, and you would like to display a count per the number of…
05.28.2021

How to Create a ggplot Jitter Plot in R

Intro Jitter plots add some variation to a scatter plot so that you can see the individual observations easier. They are commonly used when viewing overlapping points from data that is discrete. In…
05.27.2021

How to Create a ggplot Frequency Plot in R

Intro A Frequency plot is similar to a Histogram as it bins the count of continuous data. However, instead of using bars to display, it will use a line plot. In this article, we will learn how to…
05.26.2021

How to Create a ggplot Box Plot in R

Intro Boxplots are used to display distribution data of a continuous variable. There are five statistics included on the plot including mean, quantities and outliers. They are used to get quick visual…
05.25.2021

How to Create a ggplot Violin Plot in R

Intro Violin plots are used to summarize continuous variables. They are similar to box plots, as they provide summary statistics like mean and quantiles, but they also display the distribution. These…
05.24.2021

How to Conduct a Shapiro Test in R

Intro When building different models like regression and conduct statistical tests such as ANOVA, t-tests, etc, it is often required that the data be normally distributed. To check for this, you can…
05.23.2021

How to Conduct a Normality Test in R

Intro Many tests in statics and other tasks rely on the assumption that your data is somewhat normally distributed. For example, when modeling with linear regression, normality is assumed. This is…
05.22.2021

How to Create an Area Plot with ggplot2 in R

Intro Area plots are similar to line plots, however, they express the magnitude more clearly. They do this by coloring in the area underneath the line. In this article, we will learn how to create…
05.21.2021

How to Conduct a Proportion Test in R

Intro During analysis, it is often required to test a sample proportion to a theoretical or known proportion to see if there is a change. For example, let’s say we conduct a survey at the end of a…
05.20.2021

How to Create a Scatter Plot with ggplot2 in R

Intro Scatter plots allow us to view relationships between two continuous variables. For example, we may want to check if their is a linear relationship between someone’s height and how much they…
05.19.2021

How to Create a ggplot QQ plot in R

Intro A qqplot or quantile-quantile plot helps you determine if the normality assumption of data holds. In this article, we will learn how to plot a qqplot with ggplot2. Short on Time If you are short…
05.18.2021

Getting started with the Notion API JavaScript SDK

The public beta for the Notion API went live recently and it is going to make Notion 10x more powerful. That means it is the perfect time to jump on the bandwagon and start building integrations of…
05.18.2021

Using the useReducer Hook in React with TypeScript

The useReducer hook is an alternative to the useState hook and is preferable when you have complex state logic or when your next state depends on your previous state. The useReducer hook accepts a…
05.18.2021

How to Create a ggplot2 Dot Plot in R

Intro A dot plot is similar to a histogram except each plot represents a single observation. This kind of plot allows you to see individual observations and their relationships while see the summary…
05.17.2021

How to Get Started with ggplot2 in R

Intro The library ggplot extends the normal graphics library in R greatly. At first, the syntax can seem a bit odd as it chains together function with the addition operator, +. However, you may come…
05.16.2021

ggplot2 aes Function in R

Intro The function is a method in ggplot2 called an Aesthetic Mapping. This function allows you to map data, features or columns from your data set to the map. The basic example is as follows. This…
05.15.2021

How to Calculate Quantiles for Distributions in R

Intro The quantile is the value of X such that P(X <= x) = p. In a previous article, we learned how to use the CDF to get a probability, p. We gave the value x to a function prefixed with, p. Now, we…
05.14.2021

How to Calculate Probabilities for Continuous Distributions in R

To calculate probabilities for continuous distributions, you need to use the cumulative distribution function, CDF. Unlike discrete distributions, there is no single point probability, P(X=x), there…
05.13.2021

Discrete Distributions in R

Two common probabilities you will calculate in statistics is P(X = x) and P(X ≤ x). R provides your some simple ways to calculate these probabilities. In this article, we will learn how to calculate…
05.12.2021

Combinations and Permutations in R

Intro Combinatorics is one of the cornerstones of mathematics. Many problems start or are solved by counting the number of possibility. Probability theory is built on these tools. R provides us with…
05.11.2021

How to use T-test in R to Compare Means

Introduction One common test on samples is the mean test. The t-test is widely used in this regard. For example, maybe you know that the average sales for your company per a week is 500. In this…
05.10.2021

How to Set Seed in R

Introduction When simulating data or generating random numbers, it is often required to set a seed to allow for reproducing results. In this article, we will learn how to set a seed in R. Computers…
05.09.2021

How to Stack Columns in R

Intro Stacking allows you to combine multiple vectors into a single vector and specify the origination factor. Our example in a second will make this clear. We can stack vectors using the function…
05.08.2021

How to Normalize or Create Z-Scores in R

Often you would like to compare variables that have different ranges. For example, you may want to compare houses based on sq. feet and cost. Sq. feet may be ranged in the thousands and cost my be in…
05.07.2021

How to Test Independence Categorical Variables in R

Let's say we have a survey of students stating if they liked a class and if they passed or failed the class. Now, we want to test if these two variables are independent or not. That is to say, we want…
05.06.2021

How to Generate Combinations in R

Generating combinations is a common task when building websties and programs. In this article, we wil learn how to generate combinations in R. To generate combinations in R, we can use the method…
05.05.2021

How to Create Count Tables and Contingency Tables in R

When dealing with one more more factor, it is often needed to view the count of observations for each category. For example, if you are doing a survey of people and ask if they are happy or sad, you…
05.04.2021

How to Generate Random Variables from Popular Distributions in R

R provides many features for generating random numbers, especially compared to othe r languages. Built in to R, you can generate random numbers from many popular distributions which is helpful when…
05.03.2021

How to update all your NPM packages at once

You come back to a 6-month-old project that you haven't touched in a while and now all of your NPM packages are vastly out of date. That's just the speed at which web development moves. So you need to…
05.03.2021

How to Summarize Data in R

When working with statitics, there are many common stats you would like to calculate on your data sets. R supplies the method to assist you. We will see later on, that the method handles many…
05.01.2021

How to Generate a Random Sample in R

Generating a random sample is a common task in statistics. You use random samples to conducts tests, simulate probabilities and much more. In this article, we will learn how to generate a random…
04.30.2021

How to Create a Sequence of Dates in R

R provides a simple way to create sequences of dates. Using the generic function, we can support dates and many date sequence options. In this article, we will learn how to create a sequence of dates…
04.29.2021

How to Add Commento (or other Comments) to Gatsby

Recently, I wanted to add comments to by Gatsby site. I found this open source sysetem (Commento), although I did sign up for the paid version to support open source :D. Anyway, I wanted to add this…
04.29.2021

How to Extract Year, Month, Day and Other Parts from a Date in R

Once you have a date object, it is often helpful to extract the year, month and other parts from it. In this article, we will learn how to extract parts of a date in R. To extract parts of a date in R…
04.28.2021

How to get the Julian Date in R

The Julian date is the number of days since a specific date. In R, and many other languages, this is the number of days since January 1, 1970. This is a common method used in calendar applications. In…
04.27.2021

How to start a TypeScript project [2021]

If you are learning TypeScript you can have a hard time finding out a simple way to start TypeScript projects from scratch. Depending on if you are coming from JavaScript or a statically typed…
04.27.2021

How to Convert a String to Date in R

One of the most common date tasks you will need to do is to convert a string to date. R provides many standard options for doing this. In this article, we will learn how to convert a string to date…
04.26.2021

How to Convert a Date to a String

Displaying dates to the user is a common task you will do repeatidly. Like most languages, R provides us with date formatting options. In this article, we will learn how to convert a date to a string…
04.25.2021

How to Create a Date in R

Let's say you have a year, month, and day and you would like to create a date in R. In this article, we will learn how to create a date in R. To create a date in R, we use the method. The signature…
04.24.2021

How to Get the Current Date in R

In this article, we will learn how to get the current date in R. R provides a build in method called which returns a date object with the current date.
04.23.2021

How to Replace Substrings in R

If you would like to replace portions of a string withe next text or remove some bad string values, R has a couple of options for you. In this article, we will learn how to replace substrings with R…
04.22.2021

How to Split a String in R

String operations are one of the most common tasks in programming. Splitting a string is a task used when sending and parsing data, like a csv. In this article, we will learn how to split a string in…
04.21.2021

How to Extract Substrings in R

String modification is a common task in R. One of those tasks is extracting a substring from a string. In this article, we will learn how to extract substrings in R. To extract substrings, we can use…
04.20.2021

How to Concatenate Strings in R

Combining strings for debugging or pretty output is a common task in every programming language. In this article, we will learn how to concatenate strings in R. To concatenate strings in R, we can use…
04.19.2021

Real Life Data Science: Exploring Clubhouse Data

Real Life Data Science: Exploring Clubhouse Data Hello! And welcome to an article on real life data analysis. Recently, I found a clubhouse user data set on Kaggle. I though using this data would be a…
04.19.2021

How to Get the Length of a String in R

If you would like to loop through a string or check your word count for grad school, you will need to know the length of a string. In this article, we will learn how to get the length of a string in R…
04.18.2021

How to Merge Two Data Frames By Column in R

Let's say you have a list of users in one data frame and a list of their purchases in a second data frame. You'd like to combine these data frames into one based on the user id. In this article, we…
04.17.2021

How to Combine Two Data Frames in R

Let's say you have two tables of data, maybe imported from separate csv files, and you would like to combine them into one data frame. In this article, we will learn how to combine two data frames in…
04.16.2021

How to Remove NAs from a Data Frame

Much data in the real world will have missing values. R denotes this data as NAs if it detects them (you could also have empty strings or 0s depending on context). While not always advisable, see…
04.15.2021

How to Select Columns and Rows from a Data Frame in R

When working with data frames in R, we have many options for selected data. We can selec the columns and rows by position or name with a few different options. In this article, we will learn how to…
04.14.2021

How to Append a Rows and Columns to a Data Frame in R

Intro Let's say we have additionaly information for a Data Frame, such as a new observation (row). We would like to add this to our existing data frame. In this article, we will learn how to append…
04.13.2021

How to Create a DataFrame in R

DataFrames are a super powered matrix. Much of your data science work will be using data frames. In this article, we will learn how to create data frames in R. The first way we can create a data frame…
04.12.2021

How to Select a Row or Column from a Matrix in R

Now that you know how to create matrices, it would be good to learn how to select out rows and columns to perform operations on. In this article, we will learn how to select a row or column from a…
04.11.2021

How to Set Row and Column Names for a Matrix in R

When working with matrices, you often want to use column and row names for readability. In this article, we will learn how to set row and column names for a Matrix in R. Let's say we have some sales…
04.10.2021

How to Perform Common Matrix Operations in R

R has built in support for matrices and also supports many of the common matrix operations that are found in linear algebra and optimization. In this article, we will learn how to perform common…
04.09.2021

How to Create a Matrix in R

Matrix are a fundemental data structure in mathematics. Most languages require a library to support matrices, but R has this feature built in. In this article, we will learn how to create a matrix in…
04.08.2021

How to Remove Null Elements from a List in R

Often when working with data, we will find NULL or missing values. There are many ways to work with these, but one simple, and not always the best, way is to remove these values. In this article we…
04.07.2021

How to Flatten a List into a Vector in R

A list is a multidimensional data structure in R. It can hold keys and lists of lists. Often, you would like to extract the values from a list. You can do this by "flattening" it into a vector. In…
04.06.2021

How to remove an Element from a List in R

R doesn't provide us with a built in delete or remove function, but removing items from a list is pretty simple. We can also use multiple indexing to remove multiple elemets. In this article, we will…
04.05.2021

How to Select Elements in a List in R

Lists are a multi functionaly tool. They have hace different data types, lists of lists, names and more. In this article, we will see how to select items from a list in R. The first way to select a…
04.04.2021

How to Create a List in R

Lists are a powerful data structure in R. At the basic level, they extend the functionality of vectors by allowing you to create groups of different data types. In this article, we will see how to…
04.03.2021

How to Create a Factor or Categorical Variable in R

In data science, you often have cateogires or factor variables. For example, you may have t-shirt size which has the options small, medium, large. You can tell R this variable is a factor and many…
04.02.2021

How to Append Data to a Vector in R

Vectors are one of the most commonly used data structures in R. They support a list of items as long as each item is the same type. In this article, we will learn how to append data to a vector in R…
04.01.2021

How to Save and Load Objects in R

Let's say you have a workspace of variables you would like to move to a different workspace. Maybe you have a pretrained model you would like to share. R provides a convient way to save and load data…
03.31.2021

How to Read From MySQL Databases in R

R provides many convient ways to read data from files into memory. One common way is to read data from a MySQL Database. In this article, we will learn how to read data from Excel into R. To read from…
03.30.2021

How to Write a Data Frame to Excel in R

R provides many ways for us to export our data. One common option is exporting to a n Excel file. In this article, we will learn how to export a data frame to in Excel file in R. To export a data…
03.29.2021

How to Read Data From Excel in R

R provides many convient ways to read data from files into memory. One common way is to read data from excel files. In this article, we will learn how to read data from Excel into R. To read data from…
03.28.2021

How to Read CSV Data from The Web in R

Many data is provided and hosted on website. For example, there are many datasets on Github and Kaggle that you can use in Data Science. R provides a nice way to easily read this data. In this article…
03.27.2021

How to Write to CSV file in R

R provide many conveinient ways to export data. One of the most common ways to export data frames is to csv, since dataframes are easily formatted as a table with columns and rows. In this article, we…
03.26.2021

How to Read CSVs in R

R provides many ways to read data into memory. Many ways are to pull tables into dataframes and vectors. In this article, we will learn how to read csvs in R. To read csv functions, we can use the…
03.25.2021

How to Perform Vector Arithmetic in R

R allows you to do many vector operations from your Linear Algebra class with easy. Many operators are element wise such as plus and minus. There are also function like that can apply element-wise…
03.24.2021

How to Select Elements in a Vector using R

When using vectors in R, we often want to retrieve an element or a subset of elements from the vector. In this article, we will look some ways to select elements from a vector in R. The first way we…
03.23.2021

How to Compare Vectors in R

R has many helpful features for vectors. One such feature is comparisons. When comparing vectors in R, each element will be compared and a full vector will be returned. Let's take a look at a few…
03.22.2021

How to create sequences in R

R provides us with some simple ways to create a sequence of numbers, as this is a common need in mathematics. In this article, we will look at three ways to create sequences in R. The first way we can…
03.21.2021

How to Remove Variables from your Workspace in R

To remove variables from our R workspace, we can use the built-in function. This method as a few options, so let's take a look at a few of them. The first thing we can do, is remove one variable at a…
03.20.2021

How to List Workspace Variables in R

R uses a global workspace to manage current state. This is obvious when using R Studio where you workspace details are in panels on the right. There are many functions to help you manage with…
03.19.2021

How to Print Data in R

Printing data in R is pretty straight forward. In this article, we will show you two functions that are built in to R that will print data to the console and . For those of you who are here to copy…
03.18.2021

How to Create Variables in R

Values allow you to store information in a program which you can use later. There are two ways to store values in R. The format is the same for both: variable name, assignment operator, value. The…
03.17.2021

How to Build a Hierarchical Cluster Model in Sklearn

Intro Another algorithm that is an alternative to the generic k-means cluster model is the Hierarchical Cluster Model. This algorithm will group data based on hierarchy. In this article, we will learn…
03.16.2021

How to use K-Means DBSCAN with Sklearn

Intro DBSCAN is an algorithm that uses density of observations to build clusters. It improves upon the generic K-means by not requiring the k to be specified, and also offers an alternative algorithm…
03.15.2021

How to use K-Means Meanshift with Sklearn

Intro One of the disadvantages of k-means is that you need to specify the number of clustes, K. Meanshift is one algorithm that can help solve that problem. Meanshift works by find small groups of…
03.14.2021

How to use K-Means Clustering in Sklearn

Intro K-means is a very common clustering method which attempts to group observations into k groups. The k is decided beforehand usually based on domain knowledge or by using selection techniques. In…
03.13.2021

How to Train a Naive Bayes Classifier in Sklearn

Intro The Naive Bayes model using Bayes therem for conditional probability to classify observations. This helps solve many types of problems with data sets and also gives us back easy to interpret…
03.12.2021

How to Handle Imbalanced Classes with a Logisitic Regression Model in Sklearn

Intro When working with data sets, you may come accross data with imbalanced classes, mean that you have more sample of one classe than another. For example, you maybe have more male samples then…
03.11.2021

How to Train a Logisitic Regression Model on Large Data in Sklearn

Intro When you have large amounts of data, you will often need to select a different "solver" for your logistic regression model. The solver is part of the algorithm underneath that uses mathemicatlly…
03.10.2021

How to Regularize a Logisitic Regression model in Sklearn

Intro Some times you will be tasked to fit a model to data with high variance, as in the data varies from the average a lot. In such cases, we can use regularization techniques. Logisitc regression…
03.09.2021

How to Create a Multi Classifier with Logistic Regression in Sklearn

Intro In a previous article, we learned how to build a binary logistic regression model to classify items into one of two categories. This represents the basic model. Now, we want to extend our…
03.08.2021

How to Create a Binary Classifier with Logistic Regression in Sklearn

Intro Logisitic Regression, despite its name, is used as a classifier (puts items into cateogires). It uses a similar algorithm to linear regression, hence the name. The basic logistic regression is…
03.07.2021

How to use GridCV to Find the K Nearest Neighbors

Intro When bulding models, you often need to train many different models and compare different parameters. For K nearest neighbors, the paremter to find is K. For example, we want to rebuild KNN…
03.06.2021

How to Create a K Nearest Neighbors Classifier in Sklearn

Intro A K Nearest Neighbors Classifier will use a variety of distance measurements to create groups or clusters of your data. Using these clusters, the model will be able to classify new data into the…
03.04.2021

How to use Boosting to Improve Tree Model Performance in Sklearn

Intro Boosting is an alternative technique that builds up tree models. You can use this in place of random forest to increase performance over basic tree models. In this article, we will learn how to…
03.03.2021

How to limit the Tree Size of a Decision Tree in Sklearn

Intro When building a decision tree model, yoeu will often want to limit the tree size so that building the time buidling the model is reduced or to prevent over fitting. In this article, we will…
03.02.2021

How to Handle Imbalanced Classes with Random Forest Tree Classifier in Sklearn

Intro When working on classification problems, we often have samples with imbalance classes. For example, let's say we want to classify housed into masion or not mansion. There are likely to be more…
02.28.2021

How to Build a Random Forest Model with Important Features in Sklearn

Intro In a previous article, we learned how to find the most important features of a Random Forest model. In practice it is often useful to simplify a model so that it can be generalized and…
02.27.2021

How to Find the Most Important Features in Random Forests model using Sklearn

Intro Once you have built a model, if the model is easily interpretable, it is often interesting to learn which of the features are most important. This helps guides some intuition about what values…
02.26.2021

How to Create a Random Forest Regressor in Sklearn

Intro In a previous article, we learned how to build a random forest classifier. The regressor improved our tree model by training many tree models and selecting the best. Now, we will see how to do…
02.25.2021

How to Create a Random Forest Classifier in Sklearn

Intro In this article, we will look at a Random Forest Classifier. The Random Forest model improves the tree model by training multiple tree models and select the best. This helps because a single…
02.23.2021

How to Visualize a Decision Tree Model in Sklearn

Intro One large benefit to tree models is that they are easy to intepret and lend themselves to vizualization. You can simple print out a decision tree and follow the log. In this article, we will see…
02.22.2021

How to Train a Decision Tree Regressor with Sklearn

Intro In a previous article, we learned how to create a Decision Tree for classification. The allow us to predict which cateogory an observation belongs to. In this article, we will learn how to build…
02.19.2021

How to Train a Decision Tree Classifier with Sklearn

Intro Trees are one of the most powerful machine learning models you can use. They break down functions into break points and decision trees that can be interpreted much easier than deep learning…
02.18.2021

How to Fit a Lasso Regression Model

Intro In a recent article, we learned how to reduce variance with regularlization. Another model we can use to reduce features, to solve the problem of colinear features, is to use the Lasso Linear…
02.17.2021

How to Fit a Regularization Regression Model

Intro Sometimes data has highley correlated variables or lots of variation. These are huge issues for simple linear regression and can lead to poor performance. To address these issues, we can use…
02.16.2021

How to Fit a NonLinear Regression Model

Intro Often data does not follow a direct line. That is why we have polynomials (i.e. X^2, X^3). These relationships are still direct, but the rate is squared or cubed. We can still use linear…
02.15.2021

How to build Polynomial Regression Model in Sklearn

Intro When fitting a model, there are often interactions between multiple variables. For example, if we are predicted disease, excercise and diet together may work together to impact the result of…
02.14.2021

How to build a Simple Linear Regression Model with Sklearn

Intro Linear regression is the most common introduction to machine learning. The basic model fits a straight line. It assume a direct relationship. For example, you can have a list of heights and…
02.13.2021

How to Use PCA in Sklearn

Intro PCA is a common preprocessing technique used with many machine learning algorithms. PCA will reduce and combine many of your predictors (x variables) into groups (linear combinations). This…
02.11.2021

How to do Manual Cross Validation in Sklearn

Intro When building models for your machine linear data, you often want to compare multiple algorithms. The standard way to do this is to use cross validation, which will split your data into multiple…
02.10.2021

How to use Pipelines in Sklearn

Intro Pipelines allow you to easily connect data processing together in Sklearn. For example, you could create a pipeline to run scaling then train a model. Then, whenever you call your pipeline, you…
02.09.2021

How to Impute Data with Sklearn

Intro When loading data, you often has missing pieces. There are various ways to handle these missing data. A common way is to impute the data or fill in the information. In this article, we will see…
02.08.2021

How to Encode Categorical Variables in Sklearn

Intro It is common to have data sets with categorical data. For example, say we have a size column that values are small, medium, and large. Often, we want to transfrom these variables into number to…
02.07.2021

How to Standardized Data with Sklearn

Intro One common preprocessing step is to standarized or normlize your data set. This fixes values when we compare contious data from different range. For example, say we wanted to compare currencies…
02.06.2021

Getting Predicted Probabilites from an SVM model in Sklearn

Intro SVM is a very diverse model. The general idea is to build a hyperplane that maximizes the margins between classifications. We will cover the the theory in a separate post, but you can think of a…
02.05.2021

SVM with Linearly Inseparable Classes

Intro In a previous post, we discusess how to build a simple linear classifier with SVM. Now, we will handle the case when classification is not easily separable. For these cases, we can use different…
02.04.2021

Getting Predicted Probabilites from an SVM model in Sklearn

Intro By defauly, when using SVM models, the classification probabilties is not produced. This is different from a model like Logistic Regression which computes the classification of observations by…
02.03.2021

How to Split Train and Test data with Sklearn

Intro When testing algorithm performance, you want to split your data into a training and test set. This allows you test train on a subset of your data and compare the performance on the test set. One…
02.02.2021

How to create a Linear Regression model in Sklearn

Intro Linear Regression is the most common starting point for Machine Learning models. In general, linear regression helps model a relation ship between a x or multiple x variables and a y. For…
02.01.2021

Conditional Selection with Numpy

Conditional Selection with Numpy One neat feature, which is expanded on in Pandas as well, is conditional selection. In a numpy array, we can use the method to pass a conditional to select items in…
01.31.2021

Indexing and Selection in 2d with Numpy Arrays

Indexing and Selection in 2d with Numpy Arrays Matrices or one of the most useful structures to use in mathematics. While numpy does have a matrix data structure, it is more common to use a 2d array…
01.30.2021

Selecting elements with a Numpy Array

Selecting elements with a Numpy Array To select items in a Numpy array, we can use the same notation as normal python arrays. In the example below, we create an array using the special method. Then…
01.29.2021

How to Create a Cluster Map in Seaborn

Intro Clustering is a common machine learning topic and can become very complex. However, Seaborn provides a nice quick clustermap to give you are sense of groups. In this article, we will learn how…
01.28.2021

How to Create a Heat Map in Seaborn

Intro A heat map is a matrix plot type. In general, heat map compare pairs of values with some measurement between the pairs. One of the most common uses for a heat map is to display correlation or…
01.27.2021

How to Create a Joint Plot in Seaborn

Intro Seaborn provides a helpful method which allows easy access to many kind of plots to compare multiple variables. For example, you can use the paramter to specify and of the following plots . In…
01.26.2021

How to Create a Boxen Plot in Seaborn

Intro A boxen plot is another plot to view distribution and summary statistics. The plot creates more quantiles when compared to a simple box plot. These extra quantiles allow for more detail over the…
01.25.2021

How to Create a Swarm Plot in Seaborn

Intro Another common distribution plot is the swarm plot. The swarm plot is similar to the violin plot, but allows you to view each observation. In thie article, we will learn how to create a Swarm…
01.24.2021

How to Create a Violin Plot in Seaborn

Intro A violin plot is similar to a box plot, but also shows the distribution of the continous varaibles on the side. In a previous lesson we learned how to create a box plot to show summary…
01.23.2021

How to Create a Box Plot in Seaborn

Intro When viewing a contious variable, it is often helpful to calculate a few statistics such as mean, quantiles, variance and outliser. A boxplot helps you visualize this information in a simple…
01.22.2021

How to Create a Bar Plot in Seaborn

Intro In a previous post, we looked at how to create a count plot to view a distribution of a cateogircal variable by count. However, sometimes we want to view a cateogirical variable by other…
01.21.2021

How to Create a Count Plot in Seaborn

Intro When analyzing the distribution of a categorical variable, it is helpful to use a count plot. For example, we were were looking at the sales of ice cream per flavor, we could use a count plot to…
01.20.2021

How to Create a Histogram in Seaborn

Intro In a previous post, we looked at how to create a RugPlot to view the distribution of a continous variable. We now move on to the Histogram. A histogram is one of the most common ways to detail…
01.19.2021

How to Create a Rug Plot in Python with Seaborn

Intro A rug plot is a simple plot to explore distributions of a continous variable. For example, let's say you want to explore salaries of employees. A rug plot will add a line for each salaray…
01.18.2021

Getting Started with Seaborn for Plotting

Intro If you currently use Matplotlib or are just starting to learn data vizualization with Python, Seaborn is a great library to try. It offers many features that simplify your daily routines and…
01.17.2021

How to Sort a Pandas DataFrame by Values

Intro Sorting is one of the most common tasks in programming. So, we will also need to performing sorting with Pandas. Pandas provides us with sorting methods that are very useful. In this article, we…
01.16.2021

How to Rename Columns in a Pandas DataFrame

Intro Often reading data, especially from csvs, the columns are not in a readable format or have much meanings. In these cases you may want to rename the column. In this article, we will see how to…
01.15.2021

How to Delete Data From a Pandas DataFrame

Intro Often when you have data loaded there are extra columns or rows you would like to remove. If you are doing feature engineering, you will also need to remove irrelavent columns/features. In this…
01.14.2021

How to Filter Rows in a Pandas DataFrame with Boolean Masks

Intro Pandas provides a feature called Boolean Masks that let's you filter DataFrames based on conditions. With this, we can write simple queries to filter our data. In this article, we will learn how…
01.13.2021

Describing and Summarzing Data in a Pandas DataFrame

Intro In this article, we will look at common methods for summarizing and describing data in your DataFrame. There are a list of methods to use when you first load data, that will help you get an idea…
01.12.2021

How to Reorder Columns in a Pandas DataFrame

Intro A common task you will need to do is to reorder columns in your DataFrame so that they are easier to read or follow some logical order for a report. Reordering columns is similar to as selecting…
01.11.2021

How to Select Multiple Columns in Pandas

Intro In a previous article, we learned how to select a single column. Now, we move on to multiple columns. In this article, we will cover how to select multiple columns from a pandas DataFrame. We…
01.10.2021

How to Access a Single Column in a Pandas DataFrame

Intro In this article, we will explore four ways to access columns in a pandas DataFrame. We will explore using the index operator, dot operator, .loc method, and .iloc method. Each of these ways will…
01.09.2021

How to Loop over a Pandas DataFrame

Intro A common task when using pandas DataFrames is to loop over the rows. Pandas provides multiple ways for us to loop over dataframs depending on your needs. In this article, we will learn to loop…
01.08.2021

How to Write a DataFrame to JSON in Pandas

Intro In a previous article, we learned how to read json using pandas. Pandas also provides us with a way to write json data. In this article, we will learn how to write json files using pandas…
01.07.2021

How to pass props in React

If you are consistently asking yourself how to pass props to a component in React here is an explanation for passing props to class and functional components. What are props and how do we use them? In…
01.07.2021

How to Read JSON to DataFrame in Pandas

Intro JSON is one of the most commong formats for transferring data, especially over the web. Many apis return json formats for data. Thus, pandas provides us with methods for working with json data…
01.06.2021

How to Scrape Websites with Pandas

Intro Working with tabular data is one of, if not the, main goal in Pandas. There are many sources of tabular data. One common source is a wikipedia page. Pandas allows us to pull table directly from…
01.05.2021

How to Write to an Excel file with Pandas

Intro Excel files are utilized in many businesses. It is often a request to modify some data, then present a report in Excel format to managers. In this article, we will show you how to turn your…
01.04.2021

How to Read an Excel file with Pandas

Intro Excel is one of the most common formats for tabular data. With this in mind, provides us with some helpful methods to work with Excel. In this article, we will see how to read an Excel file…
01.03.2021

How to write a DataFrame to a csv file

Intro It is common to manipulate and create tabular data with Pandas. Often, you will need to save this data to a csv file to send a report to other at work. In this article, we will see how to save a…
01.02.2021

How to Create a DataFrame from Scratch in Pandas

Intro Many times when using Pandas dataframes, you are reading from a file to create one. There are cases, however, when you would like to create a dataframe from scratch. In this article, we will…
12.27.2020

How to Create a HeatMap with Matplotlib

Intro A heatmap helps you compares pairs of varaibles and their respective intensity. They are commonly used to show correlations bettwen paris of variables (or predictors) in a model. In this article…
12.26.2020

How to Create a Violin Plot with Matplotlib

Intro A violin plot allows you to view both the distribution of data as well as the quantiles, mean/median, min and max values. It combines both the historgram and box plot into one. In this article…
12.25.2020

How to Read and View Images in MatPlotLib

Intro Reading images is a common recipe you will use in MatPlotLib. Reguarly in data science you will be building models based on images (this is very popular in machine learning). So, it would be…
12.24.2020

How to Create a ISO 8601 Date in Python

Intro ISO 8601 is a common date string standard that contains all the necessary information for parsing a date time. The standard is support in multiple languages, which makes it ideal for passing…
12.23.2020

How to Create a Box Plot with Matplotlib

Intro A box plot helps describe a continuous variable. It will display the quantiles of the variable. For example, if we have test scores, we can see how many score fall in to groups of 25%, 50%, etc…
12.21.2020

How to Create a Pie Chart with Matplotlib

Intro Pie charts allow us to see groups of a whole. For example, let's say we have a marketing budget of $100k. Then, we have a list of expense by ad types (FB ads, Google Ads, TV ads, Newspaper Ads…
12.20.2020

Getting Started with the Walrus Operator in Python

What is the Walrus Operator The walrus operator is a new assignment operator introduced in Python 3. Its main purpose is to save lines of code, but can also help with performance. Example To…
12.19.2020

How to Create a Stack Plot with Matplotlib

Intro Stack plots allow you to view relationships between two continuous variables by segments. For example, let's say we have a fixed marketing budget per a day, and we want to see how we spend that…
12.18.2020

How to Create a Bubble Plot with Matplotlib

Intro A bubble plot is similar to a scatter plot, but each point is a bubble that can change size or color based on other properties. This helps you convey extra information than just a normal scatter…
12.17.2020

How to Create a Scatter Plot with Matplotlib

Intro Scatter plots help you compare to variables and check for a trend or correlation. This is very helpful when trying to see if two variables are linearly related or not. In this article, we will…
12.16.2020

How to Create a Bar Plot with Matplotlib

Intro Bar plots are a fundamental plot in data analysis. The help you view the distribution (count) of different categories. When you have a categorical variable such as month, it is a good idea to…
12.15.2020

How to Create a Line Plot with Matplotlib

Intro Line plots are one of the fundamental plots that you will use in data analysis. They are great for viewing the relationship between two continuous variables (and some times more). In this…
12.14.2020

Regularization with Logistic Regression to Reduce Variance

Intro One of the main issues when fitting a machine learning model is overfitting. This comes from training a model that develops parameters that match the model too well and don't generalize. Often…
12.13.2020

Logistic Regression on a Large Data Set

Intro Often when building models, we will have a large amount of data given to us. When training models, there are different solvers we can choose from. These solvers use different techniques for…
12.12.2020

How to Load Sample DataSets with Sklearn

Intro Sklearn provides many toy datasets for you to use when exploring different Machine Learning algorithms. In this article, we will show you how to load those data sets. You can view the list of…
12.11.2020

Python Multiclass Classifier with Logistic Regression using Sklearn

Intro Logistic Regression by default classifies data into two categories. With some modifications though, we can change the algorithm to predict multiple classifications. The two alterations are one…
12.10.2020

Numpy array to list

Intro A common need to is to from a Python list to a numpy array and back. Let's learn how to do both. And that's it! To go from a list to a numpy array, we use the function. To return from a numpy…
12.09.2020

Python Creating a Vector and Matrix in Numpy

Intro In this quick tip, we we look at how to use NumPy to create Vectors and Matrices. These will be common use cases when doing science programming with Python. Creating a Vector There are two types…
12.08.2020

Getting Started with F-strings in Python

Intro In Python we concatenate or interpolate strings all the time. There are many methods, but the latest in Python 3.6 is the . Let's see how we can use this feature to manipulate strings much…
12.07.2020

Finding Min and Max of a Numpy Matrix

Intro In this quick tip we will learn how to find min and max values of a NumPy array. NumPy provides some easy access to these values so you don't need to loop over the matrix. Example In the example…
12.06.2020

How to get a Timezone from a Location in Python

Intro A common problem when building websites is knowing the timezone of your users. Sometimes you collect an address, but did not specifically ask for a timezone. In this lesson, we will learn how to…
12.05.2020

Getting Started with Sorting in Python

Intro Python has two built in sort functions: sort and sorted. The sort function will modify the list and sort it in-place. Sorted will take a list and return a new list sorted. Why have two methods…
11.28.2020

Intro to the Python Requests Module

Why Use Requests The module abstracts away many of the boilerplate code you would need to add if using the urllib standard library. Making HTTP (and some other protocol) requests are common to many…
11.25.2020

How to achieve Zen in VS Code

You're staring at VS Code, and in front of you is this cluttered mess with random things everywhere that no-one could ever make sense of. But enough about your code, let's talk about how we can make…
11.21.2020

How to use the Python enum module

Intro Enums allow you to set options using code and allow for consistent use of options in code. Let's say you have a function that takes a type param. For the code above, the user can specify the…
11.18.2020

Intro To The Bottle Web Framework With Python

Intro Recently I had to tutor a student on an assignment dealing with the bottle web framework. I had never used the framework before, but it works similar to Flask. It is a nice framework, and I…
11.10.2020

A TON of VS Code tips for productivity

Being productive in VS Code can help you focus on just your code or can speed up some repetitive tasks you are doing. To start being productive all you need is to learn a few keyboard shortcuts and…
11.03.2020

Intro to Reading CSV files with Python

Reading CSV files is a common task you have to perform in Python. Let's take a look at how we can read CSV files. With Standard Python Let's start with reading a CSV file with basic python. We can do…
10.27.2020

Deploying With Netlify

You have built a static website or a statically generated website. Maybe you've built a new Gatsby site or you have built a static site like we did in our last post: https://koalatea.io/building-a…
10.17.2020

Crash Course: Python

Intro Welcome to one of our Crash Course series! In this post, we will cover Python. This course is meant for coders who have already learned a programming language, but feel free to try if you are up…
10.17.2020

Crash Course: R Programming

Intro Welcome to one of our Crash Course series! In this post we will cover R. This course is meant for coder who have already learned a programming language, but feel free to try if you are up for…
10.15.2020

Build an Election Texting bot with Twilio

Intro To celebrate the upcoming election, we decided to learn Twilio and make a passive aggressive texting bot to remind ourselves and our friends to go vote. In this video, we walk you through how to…
10.14.2020

Building a basic website with Parcel

You want to build a tiny website with just HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. You don't want to import a ton of libraries or use a framework that performs ultra enhanced low latency rendering under the hood…
10.08.2020

How to Scrape Election Data with Node and Cheerio

Intro Since we are closing in on November 3, we decided to do a few projects themed around elections. In our first project, we wanted to scrape a webpage to find upcoming election dates. Let's get…
10.08.2020

How to deploy a Node app to Heroku

Intro In this video, we are going to see how to go from a simple Express.js server to Heroku. The process is a simple one, but something you will repeat over and over. Video Resources http://heroku…
09.19.2020

A GitHub Contribution Journey

Because Hacktoberfest is coming up, my brother and I celebrated Preptember by taking a journey on GitHub. We made a contribution and want others to see how it works. You can view the whole journey on…
06.24.2020

Hardware And Software

Previous Post About How Computers Work Binary And Data When you look inside a computing device you see a bunch of circuits, chips, wires, speakers, plugs, and any number of other stuff. All of this is…
06.23.2020

Binary And Data

Previous Post About How Computers Work What Makes A Computer A Computer You may have heard that computers work on 1s and 0s. Today, almost nobody works with 1s and 0s but they still play a big role in…
06.22.2020

What Makes A Computer A Computer

Over time humans have invented tools to help with manual work such as the hammer, wheelbarrow, and the printing press. Computers are machines that were invented to help with the "thinking work…
06.15.2020

Debugging Software

In this post, we'll talk about what you should know about debugging, some debugging methods, and a process you can follow when debugging your software. Difference between debugging and testing Testing…
05.25.2020

JavaScript - Functions

Creating Functions Functions are reusable blocks of code that allow users to easily rerun a procedure. These will help us reduce repeated code and give us a convenient way to run tasks numerous times…
05.24.2020

JavaScript - Comparisons

Comparisons You may remember from your Math classes that you can use comparison operations to compare variables in an equation. Programming languages let you do this as well so you can add logic to…
05.23.2020

JavaScript - Hello World

If this is your first time starting JavaScript, or you wanted a quick refresher on how to run JS, here is the typically hello world example. There isn't much to it, as JavaScript doesn't have a lot of…
05.22.2020

JavaScript - Arrays

Arrays are fundamental data structure in programs. They are one of the most used data types and allow for storing all sorts of information. Let's look at some examples. Creating Arrays This is a…
05.16.2020

JavaScript - Variables

Variables allow programmers to store information to use later in the program. For example, you may want to store the a number in a variable called total, then as you are working through a list of…
05.10.2020

Make your Solidity Smart Contract Ownable

A good practice during Dapp development is to make your contracts ownable. This will allow you to add modifiers to prevent certain functions form being used. Be careful though, because this can remove…
05.03.2020

ES6 Spread/Rest Operator

ES6 has a handy feature called the Spread/Rest operator notated as .... The reason is has two names is because based on the use, it can do two different things. Spread For example, we can spread an…
04.25.2020

Python - Modules

Python modules are separate files that allow you to organize your code. You can add variables, functions, class and more to a module. Let's take a look at a simple example. Setup the project Let's…
04.25.2020

Python - Getting Started with Pipenv

Managing packages in Python has been a tricky subject. Whenever you create a program, you typically need to import other libraries user's have made. The typical way to do this is using . This will…
04.21.2020

Python - Functions

Our topic in this lesson is a common pattern most programming languages called functions. Functions are a way to create a piece of logic that we want to run multiple times. For example, let's say we…
04.21.2020

Python - Loops

Let's get to some of the more exciting stuff in programs. One of the main reasons we write programs is to automate tasks. Let's say we have a list of salaries we want to count. This is a pretty simple…
04.21.2020

Python - Strings

Quotes In python, you can create a string by surrounding your text in a quotes. We can see that we have quite a few options here: ' single quote " double quote ''' three single quotes """ three double…
04.21.2020

Python - User Input

In this tutorial, we will take a quick look at taking input from the user. Typically, you will only use this when writing command line apps, as when writing something like a web app the user input…
04.19.2020

Python - If Statements

Another one of the main uses of programming statements is to execute actions based on conditionals. In this article, we will take a brief look at if statements, and how you can use them. Let's start…
04.12.2020

Python - Intro to Lists

An example Lists are one of the most fundamental types in python (or an programming language). They are simply a collection of data; a list of data :P. Let's start with a quick example: Notice that in…
04.04.2020

Using dictionaries in Python

Creating Dictionaries Let's start with an example. Here we create a variable names person as a dictionary type. We can tell the type in python from the brackets . You can see inside the brackets we…
09.08.2019

Example: How to Read and Write files using Node.js

Example: How to Read and Write files using Node.js In this example, we will go through how to read and write files using Node. Here we will go through using the synchronous and non-synchronous…
07.13.2019

ES6: The Let Keyword

In ES6, the keyword was introduced to address some of the issues with the keyword. Let's take a look at the differences. First of all, note that the keyword is considered to be scoped to the block…
06.10.2019

Creating a HTTP server with go

Cookbook: Creating a HTTP server with Go In this lesson, we will build a simple HTTP server using the built in library The Recipe First create the directory and file Then, use the following Go code…
06.09.2019

Hello World Go

Cookbook: Hello World Go If you are just getting started with Go, or have may have just forgotten, here is a quick reference for building a basic go program. First create the directory and file Then…
05.27.2019

Go Web Resources

Building Full Apps Both of these resource get you started with Go and web apps. Now, that aren't the most modern web apps, but they go over the basics at a low level - which is crucial to…